Purposive Communication.docx

COMMUNICATION – a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures.
Two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas an feelings but also create and share meaning
The term communication is derived from the Latin word "Communis" which means to common opinion
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is a process.
Communication occurs between two or more people.
Communication can be expressed through words (verbal), actions (nonverbal), or both at the same time.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
The communication is a dynamic process that begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then transmits the message through a channel to the receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form of some message or signal within the given time frame.

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
The speaker generates an idea.
The speaker encodes an idea or converts idea into words or actions.
The speaker transmits or sends out a message.

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The receiver gets the message.
The receiver decoded or interprets the message based on the context.
The receiver sends or provides feedback. EXAMPLE
Rose loves Rico as a friend.
She thinks of how to tell him using their native language
She tells him, "Rico, mahal kita bilang kaibigan."
Rico hears what Rose says.
He tries to analyze what she means, and he is heartbroken.
He frowns and does not say something, because he is in pain.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its mechanics or process.

Speaker – the source of information or message
Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a message, or other forms that the speaker understands.
Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or actions
Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed. Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums
Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver. It increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal.
Context – the environment where the communication takes place
Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.
Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express their emotions and some topics may be completely off-limits or taboo. Taboo or difficult topics may include, but are not limited to, politics, religion, disabilities, sexuality, sex, racism, etc.
Lack of attention or interest of the receiver.
Differences in perception or viewpoint.
Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
Language differences.
Cultural differences.
Noisy environment.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Control – communication functions to control behavior.
Social Interaction – communication allows individuals to interact with others.
Motivation – communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
Emotional Expression – communication facilitates people's expression of their feelings and emotions.
Information Dissemination – communication functions to convey information.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Verbal Communication – refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message. A type of oral communication wherein the message is transmitted through the spoken words.
Verbal Communication is further divided into two:
ORAL COMMUNICATION - In oral communication, Spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice over internet. In oral communication, communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking.
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION - In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate. A written message may be printed or hand written. In written communication message can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc. Message, in written communication, is influenced by the vocabulary ; grammar used, writing style, precision and clarity of the language used.
Nonverbal Communication – refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are classified as nonverbal communication. In other words, any communication made between two or more persons through the use of facial expressions, hand movements, body language, postures, and gestures is called as non-verbal communication.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND STYLE
Formal Communication - In formal communication, certain rules, conventions and principles are followed while communicating message. Formal communication occurs in formal and official style. Usually professional settings, corporate meetings, conferences undergoes in formal pattern. In formal communication, use of slang and foul language is avoided and correct pronunciation is required. Authority lines are needed to be followed in formal communication.
Informal Communication - Informal communication is done using channels that are in contrast with formal communication channels. It's just a casual talk. It is established for societal affiliations of members in an organization and face-to-face discussions. It happens among friends and family. In informal communication use of slang words, foul language is not restricted. Usually. Informal communication is done orally and using gestures. Informal communication, unlike formal communication, doesn't follow authority lines. In an organization, it helps in finding out staff grievances as people express more when talking informally. Informal communication helps in building relationships.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
Intrapersonal – this refers to communication that centers in one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message. Involves one person; it is often called "self-talk."
Self-talk – the process of communicating with the self.
"The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain, which processes what you are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace them with others." (Hybels ; Weaver, 2012)
Examples:
You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher appreciated you for submitting your project before the due date and you reflected on why this was so.
The voice within you that tells you, "Keep on Going! I can DO IT!" when you are putting your all into completing a five-mile race; or that says, "This report I've written is pretty good."
Interpersonal – this refers to communication between and among people and establishes personal relationship between and among them. Normally involves two people, and can range from intimate and very personal to formal and impersonal. It is commonly used in an informal setting.
Types of Interpersonal Context
Dyad Communication – communication that occurs between two people.
Example: You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.
You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down.
Small Group – this refers to communication that involves at least 3 but not more than 10 people engaging in a face-to-face interaction working to achieve a desired goal. Dynamic process where a small number of people engage in a conversation.
Example: You are having a discussion with your group mates on how to finish the assigned tasks.
You are participating in an organizational meeting which aims to address the concerns of fellow students.
Public – refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes. In a public speaking situation, the group normally defers to the speaker. For example, the boss speaks to everyone, and the sales team quietly listens without interruption. A channel in this context is more exaggerated, the voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger. The speaker might use additional visual channels such as slides or PowerPoint presentation.
Example: You deliver a graduation speech to your batch.
You participate in a declamation, oratorical, or debate contest watched by a number of people.
Mass Communication – refers to communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
Example: You are a student journalist articulating your stand on current issues through the school's newspaper.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE
INTERPERSONAL INTERPRETIVE PRESENTATIONAL
Two-way communication with active negotiation of meaning among individuals
Spontaneous
Usually involves exchange of information
Meaningful
Participants observe and monitor one another to see how their meanings and intentions are being communicated and make adjustments and clarifications accordingly
Speaking and listening (conversation)
Reading and writing (text messages, messages on social media, letters) One-way communication with no recourse to the active negotiation of meaning with the writer, speaker, or producer
Reader, listener or viewer interprets what the author, speaker, or producer wants the receiver of the message to understand
Interpretation differs from comprehension and translation in that it implies the ability to read, listen or view "between the lines," including understanding from within the cultural mindset or perspective
Reading of authentic texts (websites, stories and other literature, articles, signs)
Listening to authentic texts (speeches, messages, songs, radio news, ads)
Viewing of authentic materials (videos, movies, presentations, TV shows, commercials, news, plays) One-way communication intended for an audience of readers, listeners, or viewers
Presentation of information; not exchange
No direct opportunity for the active negotiation of meaning exists
To ensure the intended audience is successful in its interpretation, the "presenter" needs knowledge of the audience's language and culture
Writing (messages, articles, advertisements, flyers, brochures, short stories, reports, scripts, Power Point presentations);
Speaking (telling a story, giving a speech, TV or radio news, drama presentations including skits, presentation to jury)
COMMUNICATION STYLES
Passive Communication - a style in which individuals have developed a pattern of avoiding expressing their opinions or feelings, protecting their rights, and identifying and meeting their needs. As a result, passive individuals do not respond overtly to hurtful or anger-inducing situations. Instead, they allow grievances and annoyances to mount, usually unaware of the buildup. But once they have reached their high tolerance threshold for unacceptable behavior, they are prone to explosive outbursts, which are usually out of proportion to the triggering incident. After the outburst, however, they may feel shame, guilt, and confusion, so they return to being passive.
Passive communicators will often:
fail to assert for themselves
allow others to deliberately or inadvertently infringe on their rights
fail to express their feelings, needs, or opinions tend to speak softly or apologetically
exhibit poor eye contact and slumped body posture
The impact of a pattern of passive communication is that these individuals
often feel anxious because life seems out of their control
often feel depressed because they feel stuck and hopeless
often feel resentful (but are unaware of it) because their needs are not being met
often feel confused because they ignore their own feelings
are unable to mature because real issues are never addressed
A passive communicator will say, believe, or behave like
"I'm unable to stand up for my rights."
"I don't know what my rights are."
"I get stepped on by everyone."
"I'm weak and unable to take care of myself."
"People never consider my feelings."
Aggressive Communication - a style in which individuals express their feelings and opinions and advocate for their needs in a way that violates the rights of others. Thus, aggressive communicators are verbally and/or physically abusive.
Aggressive communicators will often
try to dominate others
use humiliation to control others
criticize, blame, or attack others
be very impulsive
have low frustration tolerance
speak in a loud, demanding, and overbearing voice
act threateningly and rudely
not listen well
interrupt frequently
use "you" statements
have an overbearing or intimidating posture
The impact of a pattern of aggressive communication is that these individuals
become alienated from others
alienate others
generate fear and hatred in others
always blame others instead of owning their issues, and thus are unable to mature
The aggressive communicator will say, believe, or behave like
"I'm superior and right and you're inferior and wrong."
"I'm loud, bossy and pushy."
"I can dominate and intimidate you."
"I can violate your rights."
"I'll get my way no matter what."
"You're not worth anything."
"It's your entire fault."
"I react instantly."
"I'm entitled."
"You owe me."
"I own you."
Passive-Aggressive Communication - a style in which individuals appear passive on the surface but are really acting out anger in a subtle, indirect, or behind-the-scenes way. People who develop a pattern of passive-aggressive communication usually feel powerless, stuck, and resentful – in other words, they feel incapable of dealing directly with the object of their resentments. Instead, they express their anger by subtly undermining the object (real or imagined) of their resentments.
Passive-Aggressive communicators will often
mutter to themselves rather than confront the person or issue
have difficulty acknowledging their anger
use facial expressions that don't match how they feel (i.e., smiling when angry)
use sarcasm
deny there is a problem
appear cooperative while purposely doing things to annoy and disrupt
use subtle sabotage to get even
The impact of a pattern of passive-aggressive communication is that these individuals
become alienated from those around them
remain stuck in a position of powerlessness (like POWs)
discharge resentment while real issues are never addressed so they can't mature
The passive-aggressive communicator will say, believe, or behave like
"I'm weak and resentful, so I sabotage, frustrate, and disrupt."
"I'm powerless to deal with you head on so I must use guerilla warfare."
"I will appear cooperative but I'm not."
Assertive Communication - a style in which individuals clearly state their opinions and feelings, and firmly advocate for their rights and needs without violating the rights of others. These individuals value themselves, their time, and their emotional, spiritual, and physical needs and are strong advocates for themselves while being very respectful of the rights of others.
Assertive communicators will
state needs and wants clearly, appropriately, and respectfully
express feelings clearly, appropriately, and respectfully
use "I" statements
communicate respect for others
listen well without interrupting
feel in control of self
have good eye contact
speak in a calm and clear tone of voice
have a relaxed body posture
feel connected to others
feel competent and in control
not allow others to abuse or manipulate them
stand up for their rights
The impact of a pattern of assertive communication is that these individuals
feel connected to others
feel in control of their lives
are able to mature because they address issues and problems as they arise
create a respectful environment for others to grow and mature
The assertive communicator will say, believe, or behave in a way that says
"We are equally entitled to express ourselves respectfully to one another."
"I am confident about who I am."
"I realize I have choices in my life and I consider my options."
"I speak clearly, honestly, and to the point."
"I can't control others but I can control myself."
"I place a high priority on having my rights respected."
"I am responsible for getting my needs met in a respectful manner."
"I respect the rights of others."
"Nobody owes me anything unless they've agreed to give it to me."
"I'm 100% responsible for my own happiness."
A good understanding of the five basic styles of communication will help you learn how to react most effectively when confronted with a difficult person. It will also help you recognize when you are not being assertive or not behaving in the most effective way. Remember, you always have a choice as to which communication style you use.
7 C's OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Completeness – complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, react, or evaluate properly.
Conciseness – conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated from the communication that will be sent to the recipient.
Consideration – to be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport with the audience.
Concreteness – effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations.
Courtesy – the speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of the receiver.
Clearness – clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a single objective in his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience.
Correctness – correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.