Language is an arbitrary symbol system that is both rule-governed and socially agreed upon. Language is what we utilize to communicate with other people and can be classified as expressive (speaking and writing) and receptive (listening and reading). Within these classifications, language can be broken down even further into five domains: Syntax, semantics, phonology, morphology, and pragmatics. Syntax is the rules that exist within a language regarding how words can be combined to form sentences. Semantics is the meaning of words and word combinations within a language. Phonology is the study of phonemes within a language. Morphology is the study of rules that govern morphemes into a particular language. Pragmatics is the rules associated with the use of language in social situations. Variations/differences in a symbol system accepted and utilized by a group of people are referred to as a communication dialect/difference. This is commonly seen in shared cultures and/or regions of the world.
Radio is a great human fascination story that was motivated by occurrences in 1976 in Anderson, South Carolina. Cuba Gooding, Jr. plays the intellectually disabled Radio. His genuine name is James Robert Kennedy, and he was nicknamed Radio, on account of his radio assortment and him tuning in to the radio constantly. Radio goes through his days pushing or riding a simple grocery cart down the road, conversing with nobody. After some football players bother Radio, the football head coach…...
Sojourner Truth was a former uneducated slave who opposed oppression. She was illiterate her whole life, for 86 years, but she still managed to get her name in the history books. She was an abolitionist and activist for black freedom. Truth was an important figure of Black history. She collected supplies for black regiments during the Civil War, immersed herself in advocating for freed people during the Reconstruction period, and many more. In the following paragraphs, we will look at…...
As a result of globalization, increased international trade, competitiveness in the labour market, and geographic mobility, the role of English in the world has become important in all spheres of life. (Crystal, 2012) describes that Language is the primary mode of communication for people, and English is one of the most used and widely prevalent languages around the globe. John Adams, one of America's forefathers, predicted the global development of English during the early 1870s, and today English plays a…...
English As A Communicative Language
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In what ways does the Chancery contribute to the standardising of the English language in the Middle Ages? During the Middle Ages, more precisely, in 1066, the Normans conquered England and brought a major change in the history of English language. The Chancery, being a judiciary agency, was established in Westminster. Likewise, it was influenced by the languages which were being used then; namely, Latin and French. Consequently, this helped in the standardisation of the English language, not only morphologically…...
Introduction In this portfolio you will find a summary of what I have learned through the lessons of the Course English Studies and Education: Communicative Language Teaching. Purpose of this essay is to demonstrate my knowledge on the course and to self-asses my competence in teaching English in years 4 – 6. This essay is divided in 3 chapters: Perspectives on Global English and Interculturality in the classroom. In this chapter I focus on English as an international language and…...
John McWhorter is a writer and an English professor at Columbia University. He also has a doctorate in Linguistic. In his book, Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a “Pure” Standard English, He talks about how old English has evolved to Middle and now Modern English over the centuries. Language is changing not from just slang but the structure and mixture of different languages. Dialects are being made from language change. Standard English and nonstandard dialects both changes…...
Developing children constantly tend to bother adults with all these questions they have about different things in life. Many times when their questions are not answered, they can become frustrated and overwhelmed over their curiosity for the world. In the excerpt from the novel Under the Feet of Jesus, Helena Maria Viramontes illustrates the transformation of Estrella, through the passage, from being aggrieved, facing difficulties towards herself and her teachers, and finding that motivation to overcome her obstacles. At the…...
General introduction English is the 'Lingua France' of the sector. With the technological revolution and e-gaining knowledge of device English Language has emerged as one of the globe’s maximum crucial tools of formal communique within the gift cyber and virtual age. A very critical motive for considering English as a international language is that the world's information is generally preserved in English. It is a modern and elegant language so most people use it. Thus, English is the most preferred…...
Kathryn Adie is an English journalist born on September 19th, 1945 in Whitley Bay, Northumberland, England. She grew up in Sunderland. Her mother fell pregnant in a wartime affair when her doctor husband was away on service. Kate was adopted as a baby by a Sunderland pharmacist and his wife, John and Maud Adie, and grew up in Sunderland. Kate has never been married, nor is there any mention of a husband or kids. Besides, Kate is ferociously protective of…...
I believe that English as a Second Language, or ESL, is beneficial to humanity as a whole, especially those coming into an academic setting, because, while English is not the most widespread language of the world, it is the trading language of the current world powers and has one of the most extensive technology-based lexicons in existence allowing new and various specialized ideas to be conveyed more efficiently. Students who choose to learn English have a higher chance of success…...
English As A Communicative LanguageImportance Of Speaking EnglishLanguageLearningLearning English
To respond the first research question about the most effective learning condition for the immediate recall and long-term retention of word meanings, it is concluded that the combined approach is the most successful in the immediate recall and long-term retention of English vocabulary among young ESL learners, followed by the L1 gloss approach and at last the L2 context approach. In the present study, when both L1 glosses and L2 examples are given, the number of correct responses increases. L1…...
english language learnersHong KongLearning EnglishMy Achievements In School
Language is a universal tool central to all societies. With the hundreds of languages that are spoken in the world, each is attached with its own connection to the brain and how the speakers of those languages process the world around them. Lera Boroditsky, cognitive scientist, explores this connection between native acquired language and through processes, understanding, and cognitive ability. In her TEDTalk, “How language shapes the way we think,” Boroditsky discusses the ways certain cultures explain and relay information,…...
English as a second languageFree EssaysLanguage learning
Portuguese is an official language in several countries including Portugal, Brazil, some African Nations, and a couple countries in Asia. It is spoken by 215 to 220 million native speakers and 260 million speakers in total. Although it was first spoken in Portugal, most of the research found comparing English to Portuguese was describing Brazilian Portuguese. The correlation between American English and British English is the same sort of correlation between Brazilian Portuguese and Portuguese in Portugal. Brazilian Portuguese and…...
English as a second languageFree EssaysLanguage learning
Growing up I was often told by teachers, family members, and friends that girls just are not good at math. To be honest I did believe that girls just did not excel in maths and sciences, however this was not the most beneficial belief for my young self. Who knows maybe if I had not believed this as a younger child, I might be better at math. However, math has never been my strong suit, and like the packet said…...
Importance Of Speaking EnglishSpeakSpeaking English
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech, delivered on August 28, 1963, in Washington (TeacherTube), was an outcry for equality for the Blacks. Despite the existence of the century-old Emancipation Proclamation, the African Americans, during King’s time, were subjected to racial segregation and economic inequality. However, their circumstances have not much altered even in the twenty-first century United States. Racism continues to be a vital problem with the Blacks encountering discrimination in employment, education, and housing. The absence…...
The paper will mainly investigate if there is a difference between using deductive and inductive approaches when teaching two classes of high school learners of English in Amman. To carry out this study the researcher will select two scientific sections of second secondary students in Sukaina Bent Al-Hussein School for Girls in Jabal Al- Hussein. The sections will be selected randomly out of total 270 populations. One section will be assigned to be taught the four conditional forms through applying…...
Japan is a vast beautiful country with interesting facts and ideas embedded into their history. Let's go back to May, 3, 1947, Japan’s Current constitution adopted as an amendment to Meiji Constitution Thus forming the country that we now know as Japan. The origin of Japan can be found in the Yayoi period where migrants from China and Korea were pushed into Kyushu (three Provinces) which interestingly enough are all genetically different, this is probably due from the different provinces…...
When it became evident that Turks were planning on staying in Germany, the government decided in the 1970s to set up a provisional method of education policy meant to supplement the needs of the German workforce, this was a policy known as Ausländerpäedagogik, which quite literally translates to foreigner education. The emphasis of this program was to set up a temporary solution by providing vocational training to these youths but never acknowledging the fact that they were actually a part…...
Computer Implementation and Applications of Kleene's S-M-N and Recursion Theorems In this research paper we have discussed kleen;s theorem in contrast with s-m-n theorem also we try to find out if kleen’s theorem is practically efficient in program construction in the light of a few complex computational problems and cases whose accurate deductions can be found in classic mathematics. we will specifically pinpoint a programming language which is compatible enough to accept the certain recursive function along a program with…...
Today self-explaining compounds are still formed by a sure instinct, but the method is much less universal than it once was because of new habits introduced after the Norman Conquest. Although the modification that happened in the English language is not caused by the Norman invade has nothing to do in the English language. There is absorbed thousands of French word as a natural result Because there are a large number of people was bilingual. And then gradually turned from…...
EnglishEnglish As A Communicative LanguageEnglish Subject
INTRODUCTION Technology has always proved to be beneficial for language learners across the globe. In the 21st century it has been seen that language education is highly influenced by innovations that have been made in the field of technology. It has eased the teaching learning process by offering enormous resources to language education. As a case in a point, it has played a prominent role in transforming the traditional way of teaching English. As David Crystal comments, “there has never…...
English Grammarenglish language learnersEnglish SpeakingEnglish Subject
Hispanics and Latinos being mistreated didn't just begin fifty years ago in 1968 where LA High School students protested and fought to get rid of physical punishments for speaking spanish is class. Latino and Hispanic discrimination largely begins in 1848, when anti Latino prejudice led to illegal deportations, school segregation and even lynching. .Hispanics and Latinos were beat and thrown in jail for their rights, trying to prove that their language and culture is just as important and valuable than…...
Audre Lorde is most famous for her vocal expressions of her thoughts and opinions and how she has inspired and persuaded countless others to do the same by putting aside their fears and doubts of unworthiness. Gaining power and self-confidence through speaking one’s mind should trump the concern of any potential fallout or misgivings. Regret is inevitable when you haven’t spoken the things that need to be said. By using rhetorical strategies through a personal story, Audre Lorde explains how…...
Action Speak Louder Than WordsEnglish SpeakingFreedom Of SpeechImportance Of Speaking EnglishSilence
Language has a power to show who people are by the way one’s write and speak, why people in the world should hide that power when it can be expose to other cultures and share it with everybody else. I have noticed America has diversities of people from different parts of the world, and it is helpless not to notice that everybody is different, I walk on the streets and I have noticed people from Asia, Africa, Europe, Latinos and…...
Taking this course opened by eyes to the fact that there are many negative attitudes and misconceptions towards speakers of Non-Standard English, or in other words, other variations of the English language. Standard English refers to the variety of English language that we are taught in school, and it is also that same variety that is used in print, such as newspapers, articles, and academic reports. Standard English is also believed to be the variety which is spoken usually by…...
Introduction According to International Communication Union “The world is on the threshold of a new industrial revolution. A revolution which promises to be at least as significant as that which has brought most of the growth of the world's economy in the past two centuries. A revolution which promises to have just as far reaching an impact on a wide variety of aspects of life, and a revolution with global reach. Telecommunications are at the epicentre of this revolution” (ITU,…...
Johnathan Edward’s use of figurative language, imagery, and theme to frighten others to convert in Sinner’s in the Hands of an Angry God: [Subtitle] Jonathan Edward a savvy theologian created and preached his infamous sermon that made people fear the power of God, his harsh delivery in theme, language, and imagery, to support his perspective. ‘Sinner’s in the Hands of an Angry God 'was made to convince audience members the change their lives and get on the right track with…...
In the Novel Jasper Jones by Craig Silvey, Silvey uses language features such as first person narrative, Allegory and symbolism for the purpose of helping the reader understand Charlie Bucktin’s journey from innocence to experience. Craig Silvey Uses First person narrative in the Novel Jasper Jones, The story is completely told though the eyes of Charlie Bucktin, an unassuming bookworm who is woken up one night when Jasper Jones comes to his window to ask him for help. As the…...
English is widespread around the world and its dominance is colossal. Indeed, it is spoken as a second or foreign language by an estimated 1.75 billion people worldwide. It is the language of trade, diplomacy, the media and the internet. It has developed as a lingua franca as a result of the economic globalization and the dominant cultural status of the UK and the USA. However, the spread of EIL has raised academic debate in the sense that there are…...
Introduction As a branch of linguistics, lexical phrases are a 'chunk' of language of varying length. Unlike conventionalised or frozen forms such as idioms and cliches, lexical phrases are treated as variable units in language learning since they are used to perform certain functions (Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992). This assignment is motivated to analyse different types of structure of lexical phrases in TEM-8 (Test for English Majors grade eight) in China. TEM-8 is a large-scale, nationwide test developed and administered…...
Tracking racial division in American literature is perhaps the most telling feature of an author’s life experiences and perceptions. This can be seen in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening. During the late 1890s and early 1900s, the American South was unique regarding its progression through the Reconstruction period and murky racial distinctions. Without formalized slavery, it was assumed that the oppressed African American and migrant populations would become free men. However, this idea was far from the truth. In the United…...
The Cuban Unrest realized a compelling change in Cuban culture. Two years after the start of the upheaval the economy went into a significant down winding. Huge joblessness created; expansion got wild; all business and mechanical creation was incapacitated. The nation quickly followed this communist stage with a Marxist-Leninist period with proportioning of most items, militarization of society, partnership with the Soviet Association, struggle with the US and the movement of in excess of 2 million Cubans. The economy never…...
Every year we learn new things as we progress from one level to another. Throughout this whole school year, I believe I have learned a lot of from all my classes especially my English class. These lessons have impacted me greatly and I am sure it will benefit me greatly as well in the future. English is not my strongest suit, but English this year has made me realize that I still had a lot to learn. In all four…...
This essay will compare the conversational maxims of Grice with Sperber and Wilson's Relevance theory, concluding that Grice has the more useful approach, and bodes well for the future of Natural Language Processing. The two theories attempt an analysis of language that goes beyond mere syntax or semantics - to discover the pragmatic meaning conveyed by a sentence, above and beyond the truth-conditional meaning of what is said. Crudely, pragmatics is the process of relating a sentence to the context…...
Imagine a Vietnamese American refusing to be proud of her own culture; that’s me. As a toddler, I was able to sing Vietnamese songs with ease. Nowadays, I have a hard time differentiating the difference between ‘month’ and ‘year.’ Flashback to preschool: I am fluent in both English and Vietnamese, but my Vietnamese name, Thanh, is the only name I have ever been called. As playtime is ending, 5-year-old me is still walking around. My teacher calls me by birth…...
Hip-hop arrived in Japan in the early 1980s. Japanese hip-hop was originally influenced by its’ American counterpart from the same era. Japanese hip-hop was bigger than just the music they admired. It became a culture revolving around other important aspects like break dancing, fashion and imitating American rappers. Some believe that some Japanese fans were appropriating black culture by wearing exact outfits, speaking in a similar slang and having some instances of blackface. A reporter by the name of Joe…...
Intercultural communication as defined in Intercultural Communication by Fred E. Jandt is communication between people and groups of diverse culture, subculture, or subgroup identifications. (Jandt, G-4) How we communicate is different within each culture. There are several components of the communication process and knowing the components helps us better understand communication itself. These components are source, encoding, message, channel, noise, receiver, decoding, receiver response, feedback, and context (Jandt 23). When we understand how different cultures communicate it helps us better…...
The past few years have seen a slowdown in global trade. Enough ink has been spent in chronicling how trade tensions between two super-powers have had an impact on not just their economies, but also on other economies. However, at the same time, some economic ties between countries have continued to deepen. One such bond that has continued to prosper is between India and Japan. This is clearly visible from the bilateral trade between India and Japan, among other things.…...
Shakespeare’s intense style, amplifies the language used in the majority of his tragedies by his use of multiple literary devices. These devices include metaphors, similes, repetition, and alliteration. They can be seen being used throughout The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, in order to give the audience a better understanding of the fatal love shared between the two main characters, Romeo and Juliet. This visibly creates a way for tragedy to take place. His use of language, not only relays…...
To What Extent Does the Nature of Language Illuminate Our Understanding of the Relation Between Knowledge of Ourselves and Knowledge of Others? More than any other thing, the use of language sets humankind apart from the remainder of the animal kingdom. There is some debate as to where the actual boundary between language and communication should be drawn, however there seems to be no debate as to the nature of Language, which is to communicate, using abstract symbols, the workings…...
The human capacity for language is intrinsic. In other words, language is acquired with universal regularity. Human anatomy has speech organs, which are dual-purpose organs for survival and for the production of sound in our language (I.e., tongue, teeth, soft palate, larynx). Speech breathing also occurs naturally by utilizing a different set of muscles, lung pressure, and changes in the timing of exhalation. Areas of the human brain are dedicated to language, which allows us to be more complex in comparison to other species. The acquisition of language occurs through exposure rather than being a taught skill. Cognition and the environment are the underlying contributors to language development. Regarding the cognitive aspect, there are many existing theories suggesting how and when language skills are acquired, but regardless of the timing/reasoning, the majority agrees that language acquisition is innate. The environmental aspect of acquisition is the natural exposure of language from caretaker to child.
Comprehension of Language
A language disorder is a deficiency in the use and/or comprehension of language (spoken or written). Language disorders range in severity from mild to severe and can occur within the context of other conditions. The disorder may be solely expressive, solely receptive or impact both expressive and receptive language (mixed receptive-expressive language disorder). Any and all of the five language domains could be impacted. Syntactical deficits would lead to difficulty acquiring rules regarding word order and present as an inability to express and/or organize ones ideas. A sematic disorder would be characterized by inappropriate use of word meanings and poor vocabulary development. A phonological disorder would lead to incorrect use of sounds when communicating and present as sound errors (omissions, substitutions, distortions). A morphological disorder would cause difficulty using grammatical morphemes to signal alternate meanings. A pragmatic disorder would cause problems comprehending and using language appropriately in social contexts. Due to the impact on communication, children with language disorders typically have trouble expressing their wants and needs, as well as comprehending what peopling are expressing to them.
Cause Of Developmental Language Disorders
When considering the cause of developmental language disorders, experts are unsure. Research considers both environmental and genetic components that play a part in the development of language, but a specific cause is still unidentifiable. Risk factors for language disorders include premature birth, low-birth weight, certain genetic syndromes, neglect/abuse, maternal drug use, etc. Acquired language disorders are typically caused by damage to the brain (I.e., CVA, TBI, seizure). Other causes of language disorders are prelingual hearing loss, ASD, intellectual disabilities, and neurological disorders. Regardless of the etiology of the disorder, language disorders can impact a child’s academic achievement. The school setting is fast-paced-requiring adequate expressive and receptive language skills to be successful. Language disorders in adults typically impact word recognition, word comprehension, sentence comprehension, paragraph comprehension, conversational issues, phonological aspects, word retrieval, sentence formulation, narratives, and/or discourse.
When assessing for language disorders, a combination of formal and informal measures should be utilized. Formal language assessments analyze multiple language domains via standardized tests such as the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals- Fifth Edition, the Preschool Language Scale- Fifth Edition, the Test of Language Development- Fourth Edition, etc. Formal measures allows for normative comparisons and administration guidelines. Informal measures include language samples, curriculum-based assessments, client/parent questionnaires, and client/parent interviews. These informal measures allow for a detailed case history and medical history to be obtained (interview), MLU and type token ratio to be calculated (language sample), academic achievement compared to similar-aged peers (curriculum-based assessment), grammatical elements of language to be analyzed (language sample), and pragmatic analysis of language (naturalistic observation). The assessment process for adults with language disorders would be similar, but replace academic assessments with vocational assessments.
Children With Language Disorders
Habilitation is the teaching of a skill to a person, where rehabilitation is the re-teaching of a skill. Intervention for language disorders varies depending on the age of the client (habilitation versus rehabilitation), cause of the language impairment (congenital versus acquired), severity of the disorder (mild, moderate, severe), comorbid factors, etc. Depending on the area(s) impacted, individual and/or group speech-language therapy may be the most appropriate.
When planning intervention for children with language disorders it is important to choose targets within the client’s zone of proximal development, while moving around on a continuum of naturalness. Targets/goals need to be appropriate for the client’s phonological abilities, while improving their communicative effectiveness. Intervention can range from clinician-directed approaches (drill, modeling, etc.) to child-centered approaches (self-talk/parallel talk, imitations of child, expansion, extensions, recasted sentences, etc.) with hybrid approaches in between (focused stimulation, vertical structuring, milieu teaching, script therapy, etc.). Clinician responses to client utterances are vital in language intervention (reinforcement and specific feedback). In addition, SLPs must always program for carryover; meaning that therapy materials should be similar to those found in the child’s natural environment as much as possible. Intervention responsiveness must be monitored throughout the intervention process to ensure that a client is receiving benefits from the plan of treatment. If they are not, the intervention plan needs to be reconsidered and adjusted to better meet the needs of the client.
Adults with Language Disorders
When planning intervention for adults, there is a focus on the client’s skills in real life environments rather than on specific language skill development. Intervention approaches are typically selected based on the specific language impairments, while factoring in other coexisting conditions. Intervention approaches can be traditional, functional, or a combination of both. Traditional approaches target fixing the underlying processes that have been impacted. Traditional approaches include linguistic stimulation approaches, visual action therapy, melodic intonation therapy (MIT), and cognitive linguistic therapy. Functional approaches target effective communication and/or compensation. Examples of direct approaches are PACE: Promoting Aphasiac Communication Effectiveness, environmental systems, and group/conversation therapies. Therapy combining traditional and functional approaches aim to get the client effectively communicating as soon as possible, while targeting the underlying deficits. Similar to intervention with children, Intervention responsiveness must be monitored throughout the intervention process to ensure that a client is receiving benefits from the plan of treatment. Adults have responsibilities that children don’t, which is why ‘reentry into the community’ is extremely important with this population.
Speech-language pathologists play a critical role in the assessment and intervention of language disorders. Parents and teachers must be informed and educated about what to look for in order for proper, early detection of language problems. Early identification and intervention is crucial for academic success. SLPs should collaborate with classroom teachers to develop material based on curriculum standards to ensure that students are developing age-appropriate skills. This collaboration will act as a screening tool to identify students who may be at risk. Resources should be sent home to parents in preschools and early elementary years providing them with normative information in addition to professional contacts if they feel that their child may be at risk. Intervention for language disorders is highly successful- especially at an early age. SLPs must do their part in spreading to word to prevent lifelong impacts caused by language disorders. With the adult population, SLPs need to make it known that help is available while providing alternative resources to help with the psychological toll. There are far too many cases of people who do not receive help simply because they do not know it is out there.
...Skolverket. 2018. Curriculum for the compulsory school. Preschool class and school-age educare Revised 2018. Stockholm. Retrieved from: https://www.skolverket.se/sitevision/proxy/publikationer/svid12_5dfee44715d35a5cdfa2899/55935574/wtpub/ws/sk...
...Human beings are generally highly proficient at self deception, nontheless a word, a sentence, a series of sentences can only be an approximation of the thoughts behind them, likewise when words impact upon our consciousness, they are subject to inte...
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