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NON-INVASIVE HAEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT USING PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
DHARSHANA SHAHINI R(Reg. No. 201503034)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MEPCO SCHLENK ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS),
Certified that this project report titled "NON-INVASIVE HAEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT USING PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE" is the bonafide work of DHARSHANA SHAHINI R (Reg.No: 201503034), HARI PRIYA S (Reg.No:201503045) who carried out the research under my supervision.
Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
Dr. R. Shantha Selva Kumari, M.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. S. Selva Nidhyananthan, M.
4.9 (984)
“ Ok, let me say I’m extremely satisfy with the result while it was a last minute thing. I really enjoy the effort put in. ”
E., Ph.D.,
Submitted for Viva-Voce examination held at MEPCO SCHLENK ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SIVAKASI on ·········.
First and foremost, we express our wholehearted gratitude to the Almighty for His shower of blessing on us in finishing this project successfully. With immense pleasure and pride, we would like to thank our Parents who had sacrificed a lot in making us reach this position.
We express our sincere thanks to our principal Dr.
S. Arivazhagan, M.E., Ph.D., F.I.E.T.E., for permitting and providing all the facilities to carry out this project in the college campus.
We express our regards and thanks to Dr. R. Shantha Selva Kumari M.S., Ph.D., Senior Professor and Head of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department for her valuable encouragement and for providing necessary facility to carry out the project.
We take prodigious pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratefulness to Associate Professor and guide of our project Dr. S. Selva Nidhyananthan M.E., Ph.D., for the excellent guidance and constant encouragement and personal interest throughout the course of this project work. We express our sincere thanks to all the Staff members, Reviewers and Technicians of Electronics and Communication Engineering department whose help were instrumental in effective completion of this project.
Also, we extend our thanks to our friends for believing us and supporting all the way. However redundant it might seem, we thank the Almighty for everything given to us in this world.
The main objective of the proposed project is to measure haemoglobin content in our body without pricking the hand and to classify the disease. The usual normal range of Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in blood is about 12 - 15.5 gm/dl for females while it is 13.5 - 17.5 gm/dl for males and for children it is 11.0 - 13.5 gm/dl. There are two types of diseases. If the haemoglobin value is below the normal range, then it is called anemia and if it is above the normal range, then it is called polycythemia. Currently, invasive methods are used to measure the Hb concentration, where blood is ejected from the patient and subsequently analyzed. Apart from the discomfort of ejecting blood samples, an added disadvantage of this method is the delay between the blood collection and its analysis, which does not allow real-time patient monitoring in critical situations. A non-invasive method allows the pain-free analysis of the haemoglobin in the body, minimum risk of infection and facilitates real-time data monitoring allowing an immediate clinical reaction to the measured data. The non-invasive method is advantageous as the possibilities of infections get reduced and even there is no pain of pricking the blood. IR LED is used. Near-Infrared light is passed through the finger. Transmitted light through the finger was detected by a photodetector. The photodetector generates an output voltage proportional to the light. In order to strengthen the signal, it is amplified. The signal is then converted into the digital form by Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC). C2000 will be used for the determination of Haemoglobin. Finally, the results will be displayed. The proposed technique has 96.56% accuracy compared to clinical measurements.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 HAEMOGLOBIN
SYMPTOMS 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
4.1 LABVIEW
4.2 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 5
6
5.1 QUADCOPTER MOVEMENTS
5.2 DATA TRANSFER THROUGH IoT
5.3 SOLDIER SENSOR NODE
5.4 VISUINO CODING
REGRESSION ANALYSIS 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 7 CONCLUSION
1.1 HAEMOGLOBIN NORMAL RANGES LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Voiced speech segment with its spectrum 2
1.2 Unvoiced speech segment with its spectrum 3
3.1 Proposed NLP system 8
4.1 Automatic speech recognition architecture 12
4.2 Language Model 15
5.1 Block diagram of MFCC 17
5.2 Signal before and after pre-emphasis 18
5.3 Windowing process showing frame shift and frame size 19
5.4 Hamming window 20
5.5 Windowed signal along with its spectrum computed by DFT 21
5.6 Mel filter bank 22
5.7 Magnitude spectrum, log magnitude spectrum and cepstrum 23
6.1 HMM States 26
6.2 Observed and hidden sequences 28
7.1 Viterbi decoding 34
8.1 Block diagram of extractive based text summarization 36
8.2 Brown Treebank tags 44
8.3 Graph of input text 47
8.4 Graph based on threshold 47
8.5 Evaluation measure chart 49
9.1 Input signal 51
9.2 Pre-emphasized signal 51
9.3a MFCC features of the first frame 52
9.3b MFCC features for all frames 52
9.4a MFCC features of the first frame 52
9.4b MFCC features for all frames 53
9.5a MFCC feature of the first frame 53
9.5b MFCC features for all frames 53
9.6 Short time energy 53
9.7 Unigram probabilities 54
9.8 Count of words 54
9.9 Output of ASR 54
9.10 Tokenized document 55
9.11 Stop words removed text 55
9.12 LexRank output 55
9.13 TextRank output 56
ADC
CCS
DSP
Hb
LED
LM -
-
-
-
-
- Analog To Digital Converter
NIR
PPG
RBC
UART
WBC
-
-
-
-
-
- Near Infrared
Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
In the medical field, there has been much recent advancement using technology for measuring various parameters, detecting blockages, diagnosis of diseases, etc. Blood plays a vital role in the diagnosis of diseases. It transports oxygen between the lungs and various parts of the body. It also helps to transport nutrients, remove the wastes, regulates the pH and temperature of the body. The blood has four main components. They are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Blood is composed of 55% of liquid called plasma. It is a yellowish liquid component which carries proteins and cells throughout the body. It has 95% of water and 6 to 8% of proteins, glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, carbon dioxide and oxygen. It has four types of proteins. They are 57% albumins for maintaining blood volume, 38% globulins, 4% fibrinogen and 1% prothrombin.
Red blood cells or RBCs are also known as erythrocytes. The main function is to transport oxygen to the tissues in our body. It is 6-8µm in diameter. There are 4.2 to 6.2 million RBCs per cubic mm of blood.
White blood cells or WBCs are also known as leucocytes. They protect the body against infectious diseases and pathogens. There are 5000 to 9000 per cubic mm of blood. It is divided into neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes.
Platelets are also known as thrombocytes. They help to stop the bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. There are 140000 to 340000 per cubic mm of blood.
In the red blood cells, there is a protein called haemoglobin which is about 95% of the weight of red blood cells. It transports the oxygen from the lungs to the various parts of the body. In the haemoglobin, heme is the iron-containing compound and globin is the protein containing compound.when the haemoglobin carries the oxygen it is in oxygenated state and it is bright red in colour. When it is in the reduced state it is purplish blue in colour. The normal haemoglobin ranges for children, males and females are shown below in Table 1.1.
There are two types of diseases caused due to the deficiency or increased amount of red blood cells. The state in which the oxygen received by the various parts of the body is less, it is called anemia. The state in which the oxygen received by the various parts of the body is less, it is called polycythemia.
Anemia is caused due to the deficiency in the number of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood. The oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient in the body of the anemic person.
1.2.1.1Causes
High rates of red blood cell destruction
Blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, etc
Polycythemia is caused due to the surplus red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood. it is also called as erythrocytosis.
1.2.2.1Causes
Break down in the process of production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
1.2.2.2Symptoms
Low blood sugar and difficulty in breathing for infants
Nowadays, the usage of technology for the diagnosis of the diseases in the medical field is steaming. Haemoglobin is a protein content present in the RBCs. In past decades, haemoglobin content was measured using invasive methods. In the non-invasive method, the LEDs in the range of 600-1400nm was used to illuminate the skin by means of emitting the monochromatic light. The amount of haemoglobin measured will be higher during the systolic phase. So, the amount of light received will be more [9]. 808nm wavelength diode gives the isosbestic point of absorbance of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin, the absorbance of deoxyhaemoglobin greatly exceeds oxyhaemoglobin by choosing 600nm, and the oxyhaemoglobin goes beyond the absorbance of deoxyhaemoglobin while choosing 905nm [3]. The use of laser affects the internal tissue of the human body is enlightened in this paper [13]. The paper [4] accented the use of near-infrared LED in the wavelength of 940nm which is used to accelerate the blood content for examination. The NIR light is passed through the finger and the photodetector in the range of 940nm receives it. Photodetector or photodiode receives the near infrared light which is passed through the finger It converts it into a voltage or current values. The voltage output has both AC and DC components [14]. The high pass filter was used to remove the DC component. By setting the cut off frequency based on the heart rate frequency which is approximately 0.5Hz. The AC component which is very small in magnitude that is, millivolt has to be strengthened. It can be amplified using an instrumentation amplifier. Here, we have used the non-inverting amplifier to amplify the signal which is also proposed in this paper [10].
Non-invasive haemoglobin meaurement report. (2019, Dec 19). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/non-invasive-haemoglobin-meaurement-report-essay
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