Comparing Marx and Weber: Societal Theories in Perspective

Karl Marx and Max Weber, two renowned sociological theorists, each formulated distinct theories that have become fundamental in the field. Despite living in different centuries - Marx in the 18th and Weber in the 19th - they were shaped by unique historical contexts. While Marx highlighted social stratification and conflict as significant societal factors, Weber concentrated on the impacts of rapidly advancing technology and industrialization on contemporary society. Despite these differing viewpoints, both theorists provided valuable perspectives on comprehending society during their respective periods.

The division of labor, determined by organized economic activities and modes of production, leads to the formation of two classes - the bourgeoisies and the proletariat, representing the rich and the poor in opposition. The proletariat, or working class, controls the modes of production while the bourgeois own the means of production (Brym & Lie, 2007). According to Marx's conflict theory, people's position in a productive system is the root of their conflicts. The rich have access to revenue and surplus, while the poor remain subordinate without resistance.

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The bourgeois maintain their interests by suppressing and subordinating the proletariat (Worsley, et al., 1970). A revolution stems from the realization that capitalism deprives individuals of independence and freedom, increasing inequality and further subordinating the working class. Marx envisions a future society without class divisions (Worsley, et al., 1970).

Therefore, modern society emerged from the collapse of the feudal system, as the proletariat were assimilated by the bourgeois to work in factories, leading to the decline of communism (Tui, 2014). Despite being a classless society, there remained a sense of conflict, with the bourgeois relying on the manual labor and productivity of the proletariat, and vice versa, for their stability and co-existence.

Conversely, Weber's theory, known as the protestant ethics, emphasized hard work, personal achievement, and motivation as driving forces for individual actions and societal transformation. Those who adhered to these ethics and upheld the spirit of capitalism found economic success. Weber also highlighted the importance of the service sector in the economy, which includes non-manual workers and professionals (Tui, 2014).

He also argued that capitalist development is not solely influenced by economic factors but also by religious beliefs, which shape societal values and morals, promoting significant growth in capitalism. Weber criticized Marx for overlooking the possibility of individuals in society improving their circumstances through education and technology to achieve a higher standard of living. Additionally, Weber pointed out flaws in the Conflict theory by suggesting that revolutions are not always the answer to addressing discontent and grievances. He advocated for peaceful resolution of conflicts, emphasizing the need for government intervention to improve societal conditions. The discussion also touched on the controversial and contradictory nature of class (determined by access to economic resources), status (social prestige or professional standing), and power (ability and opportunity for control) (Worsley, et al., 1970).

Marx believed in the existence of two distinct classes in society: the bourgeois and the proletariat, which can only be changed through revolution to create a classless society. He argued that class determines one's status and power. Traditional ascribed status, like being born into a noble family, also played a role in acquiring power. On the other hand, Weber contended that class, status, and power were separate categories, with status and power being achieved through personal efforts and accomplishments (Brym & Lie, 2007).

Meritocracy, as favored by Brym & Lie (2007), allows individuals to achieve success based on talent and effort, independent of social class. One's status and power do not necessarily correspond to their class. Access to society's resources is directly linked to class, as noted by Tui (2014). For example, a proletariat can rise to a position of influence in government through qualifications, oratory skills, and achievements. Individuals like CEOs, police commissioners, and captains have worked their way up through ambition and hard work, regardless of a royal or ruling background.

After comparing the theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber, the theory of the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism by Max Weber is considered the most useful for understanding and explaining the dynamics of my local society. In Kiribati society, there is a focus on egalitarianism, with equal rights and opportunities for all individuals. Decision-making processes, access to government resources, and opportunities are all conducted following established processes and procedures. All individuals have a chance to speak for themselves or through a representative (Teitiniman, 1993). Opportunities, such as positions in government and non-governmental organizations, are open to all through advertisement.

Eligible candidates are announced and a screening test is conducted to find the best candidates. One's effort, hardship, and commitment towards professional development are essential for improving life conditions, status, and gaining power. This can include obtaining scholarships for higher education or qualifying for higher-paying government positions (Itaia, 1979). According to Koae (1993) and supported by Macdonald (2001), there are established methods for addressing grievances and dissatisfaction, such as submitting complaints in writing to the relevant department or taking legal action. Community feedback is valued as a way to enhance policing strategies, as seen in the practices of the Kiribati Police Services. Leadership elections are determined by public votes for candidates (Brechtefeld, 1993). As emphasized by Weber, class, status, and power can be attained, which holds true in Kiribati society. Regardless of religious beliefs or traditional social hierarchies, individuals have equal access to opportunities that impact their social and economic standing in society.

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