Gender Inequality And The Position On Environment

Individuals who identify as male and those who identify as female, though abundantly different biologically, can have identical or contrasting political perspectives involving the environment and jobs. This essay dives into the relationship between gender, political positions of importance regarding the superiority of jobs or the environment among American citizens. Using the nes dataset from An R Companion to Political Analysis, written by Philip H. Pollock III and Barry C. Edwards, I utilize quantitative methods to test my hypothesis; in a comparison of individuals, those who identify as male will be more likely to vote jobs are more important than the environment than those who identify as female.

Furthermore, this essay illustrates the descriptive test, test of significance, and test of significance with control implemented that ultimately support my hypothesis.

The United States of America is founded upon equal inclusion, freedom, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. However, those who identify as female, have suffered tremendously throughout American history living in a society dominated by those who identify as male and their biological notion that they are superior both physically and mentally.

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In recent decades, those who identify as female have become increasingly included slowly diminishing the gender inequality in the United States. Therefore, studying the psychology between those who identify as male and those who identify as female and their preferences whether jobs or the environment is more important in modern society is pivotal in understanding the vast majority of American citizens and their political proclivities.

My research is motivated by the aspiration to understand discrepancies between those who identify as male versus those who identify as female and if identifying as a specific gender inherently changes the selection between jobs or the environment being more important in modern American lives.

Upon further interpretation, I compartmentalize multiple scholarly publications on the relationship between gender and environment versus jobs; more specifically, I administer my own statistical tests acquired from An R Companion to Political Analysis nes dataset. Moreover, I hypothesize that, in a comparison of individuals, those who identify as male will be more likely to vote jobs are more important than the environment than those who identify as female.

The analysis of literature is critical in understanding the interdependence between my statistical analysis and the discoveries of each scholarly dissertation. Pulling from different scholarly books, journals, and dissertations ranging from twenty years prior to present day, I demonstrate further evidence that gender and jobs are interconnected to gender inequality and the position on environment.

In particular, Richard Anker, author of Gender and Jobs: Sex Segregation of Occupations in the World and published by the International Labour Office of Geneva, discusses the diversification of labor markets on the bases of sex (biologically male or female). Anker (2001) writes, “Occupational segregation by sex is extensive and pervasive and is one of the most important and enduring aspects of labour markets around the world… Occupational segregation by sex has probably always been very high, as evidence from the United States and Canada indicate that there was little or no change in overall levels of sex segregation in these countries…” (p. 3). In order to further understand his findings and realize that his data was not by chance, Anker employs a cross-national analysis. He writes, “they help to identify the extent to which various aspects of occupational segregation by sex are universal in nature as opposed to being specific to a particular culture, country or region. Cross-national studies also encourage analysts and others to explain unusual national or regional situations…” (Anker, 2001, p. 10). Furthermore, the issues in relation to gender and jobs is not just substantial to the United States; rather, the whole world.

In contrast to the abovementioned book, the difference in gender and the importance of the environment is pivotal in analyzing and interpreting my data discoveries. In their scholarly dissertation, Gender and Environmental Risk Concerns: A Review and Analysis of Available Research, Debra J. Davidson and Wiluam R. Freudenburg discuss if identifying as male or female coincides with their political credence regarding the environment. They write, “accumulated research findings show that women tend to express higher levels of concern toward technology and the environment than do men…” (Davidson & Freudenburg, 1996). Understanding the relationship between the environment and gender is critical in the comprehension of the data that is discovered in this essay.

Furthermore, it is increasingly imperative to comprehend and respect the differences of opinions in individuals in modern society. Both literature publications discussed in this essay illustrate the stark reality between gender inequality in not only the United States but also the entire world. Gender segregation in the United States, although on a slow and steady decline, is still relevant in modern society. Moreover, it is important to understand the relationship between gender and the environment. As years and decades progress, so does the inclusion of technological advancements and the increase of the global population. Currently, the world is being threatened from climate change attributable to multinational corporations seeking economic superiority between opposing companies. With the evidence extracted from the aforementioned publications, those who identify as male and those who identify as female have incremental dissimilarities that effect not only job segregation and environmental importance.

My research seeks to answer the question, “how does gender impact individuals’ belief if jobs or the environment are more important?” I hypothesize that, in comparison of individuals, those who identify as male will be more likely to vote jobs are more important than the environment than those who identify as female. The independent variable for my hypothesis is gender; measured as either those who identify as male or those who identify as female. My dependent variable is environment: environment or jobs more important?. Both my independent variable and dependent variable are apart of the nes dataset. In order to test my hypothesis, I will be running a variety of statistical analysis’ on R Studio, an open source and professional software for data computing, to determine if gender instrumentally alters their preference on the superiority between jobs or the environment. In addition, in order to avoid spurious results and acknowledge my data results did not happen by chance, I will be including a control variable. The control variable I will be utilizing is education, which contains three categories: high-school or less, some college, and college.

In order to test my hypothesis that, in comparison of individuals, those who identify as male will be more likely to vote jobs are more important than the environment than those who identify as female, I will be drawing from the nes dataset provided by An R Companion to Political Analysis. I have chosen the nes dataset because it is derived from a reputable source utilized by an abundant of universities worldwide. Furthermore, the nes dataset is implemented by insurmountable political science professors and scientists, thus, acknowledging that the dataset is random. I will be using the “PoliSciData” R Studio package which enables me to find a summary of data that measure public opinion across each individual state in the United States.

As previously stated, my independent variable is gender; measured as those who identify as male and those who identify as female. Computing a weighted frequency distribution test in R Studio, it has been confirmed and supported that gender is a categorical variable; more specifically, nominal. Out of 5,916 individuals, 47.93% are those who identify as male, and 52.07% are those who identify as female. My dependent variable is environment: environment or jobs