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Gaining valuable insights into society and business conduct can be achieved by familiarizing oneself with various aspects such as geography, climate, history, religion, cultural rituals, politics, education system, and family dynamics. Japan provides a good example in this regard. Situated across the Japanese Sea, Japan is an island nation that includes Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu islands (Yamada & Kurashige, 2003). It is worth mentioning that seventy-one percent of Japan's landscape consists of mountains ("Population Demographics," 2007).
Japan is a small country situated in the northern temperate zone, and it undergoes four seasons similar to those in North America.
Additionally, Japan encounters typhoons, which are more powerful than hurricanes in the Atlantic (Yamada & Kurashige, 2003). Concerning religion, Buddhism, Shintoism, or a combination of both is observed by over eighty-four percent of the Japanese population. Moreover, the influence of Confucianism from China incorporated ideas of loyalty and hierarchy into their belief system while Taoism brought order and government approval. The introduction of Buddhism also played a role in shaping their culture pertaining to art and architecture.
Christianity introduced western concepts of social justice and reform to society (Long, 1994), while religion does not have a notable impact on Japanese society.
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However, certain occasions such as birthdays, weddings, and funerals continue to be observed ("Japan," 2007). World War II brought significant transformations to Japan, leading to extensive destruction of its cities and infrastructure. Subsequently, a new constitution was established and the Japanese population commenced rebuilding their country. In just a few decades, Japan emerged as the world's second-largest economy.
During the 1990s, Japan experienced a major economic downturn caused by scandals and excessive investment.
This resulted in its most significant recession since World War II ("Japan: History," 2007). However, starting from 2003, the economy has been steadily improving and even surpassed that of the United States and E.U. at one point ("Economy of Japan," 2007). In terms of current political matters in Japan, all foreigners entering the country are required to undergo fingerprinting and photography as part of anti-terrorism measures. Additionally, airlines and ships must provide passenger lists before arriving in the country.
There are individuals who may strongly oppose having their photograph and fingerprints captured. For cruise lines or freight vessels desiring entry into the country, passenger lists can be both laborious and expensive. The United States is pushing for Japan to recommence refueling foreign vessels in the Indian Ocean, but there is considerable resistance within the Japanese government. This opposition has the potential to create tensions between Japan and the United States, which, in turn, may result in adverse consequences for trade between the two countries ("Chief," 2007).
The Japanese government has sent a high-ranking foreign minister to Iran in order to investigate the abduction of Satoshi Nakamura, a Japanese student who was taken over a month ago. Unfortunately, the Iranian Government has ignored Japan's concerns, leading the Japanese minister to seek assistance from Pakistan in resolving this issue ("Official release," 2007). This is expected to negatively impact relations between Iran and Japan. At the same time, Japan is facing social challenges as one-fifth of its population is aged sixty or older. Additionally, the country has been dealing with a declining birthrate for many years. The population of Japan reached its highest point in 2004 and has been decreasing ever since.
According to Coco, a prominent blogger, Japan's declining birthrate can be linked to the rise in women participating in the workforce and their belief that having children is unnecessary. This trend may arise from women's uncertainty about starting a family. Moreover, with a labor shortage, more elderly men will need to continue working while more women enter the business sector. The decreasing birthrate poses a major concern for Japan's economy as maintaining a robust population is crucial for its economic strength. However, achieving this objective is proving extremely challenging (Atsumi, 2007).
One potential issue resulting from the low fertility rate is that the social pension fund, already facing difficulties, may be further weakened ("Japan fertility," 2005). According to the Tax Commission, taxes will need to be increased to support the rising social welfare expenses. In Japan, individuals are opting for portable technology, leading to a significant decline in home computer purchases. This shift, combined with the high cost of home computers and technological advancements, may lead to changes in how people utilize and access the internet.
The companies that manufacture home computers are now redirecting their attention to the developing world ("PCs," 2007). As a result of World War II and the influence of the occupying American forces, Japanese families have strayed from their traditional family structures. While the father still typically holds the role of the head in most traditional Japanese families, there have been changes in the organization of the family. Women, who were previously responsible for managing household affairs at home, are now seeking employment outside of the household.
Since more Japanese women are joining the workforce, men are now being tasked with increased household and childcare responsibilities (Long, 1994). Furthermore, Japanese society has experienced a shift towards multi-generational living arrangements. While it used to be common, many elderly individuals no longer reside with their families ("Family," 2007). In terms of gender roles, Japan was historically a male-dominated society. However, after World War II, women were granted equal rights under the law. This led to significant changes as women began pursuing employment outside the home.
Companies in Japan have a persistent need for skilled workers, and the participation of women in the workforce has been helpful in meeting this demand (Matsui, 2007). The Japanese workplace, like other aspects of collectivist culture, emphasizes group identity. Employees are expected to demonstrate utmost loyalty to their companies. Unlike Western values that prioritize assertiveness and quick decision-making, leadership in Japan involves considering the interests of subordinates and fostering consensus within the group.
Seniority within a group is determined by age and length of service, rather than by individual effort and initiative (Genezberger & et al. , 1996). The system of group management rewards team effort and rarely acknowledges individual contributions. Achievements are often credited to the whole group rather than individuals. Individuals are incentivized to engage in group activities and promote harmony. The pride of both the individual and the group is demonstrated through competition with other groups within the company or with external companies (Long, 1994). The following provides proper etiquette for conducting business in Japan.
The Japanese have certain stereotypes about Westerners. They see them as impatient, prone to interrupting, and poor listeners. They also believe that Westerners lack team collaboration skills and are insincere in their friendships. Moreover, the Japanese view Westerners as potentially selfish individuals. In terms of business etiquette and protocol, personal space is highly valued in Japanese culture, and physical contact is not customary. Additionally, the Japanese tend to avoid making direct eye contact with others.
In Japan, there are several customs and behaviors that are considered important in maintaining respect. These include covering one's mouth when yawning, coughing, or using a toothpick. It is also crucial to avoid pointing one's feet at others as this is seen as rude. Proper posture while sitting is emphasized as well. Openly criticizing authority figures and displaying impatience are viewed as signs of disrespect. In the business realm, building personal relationships holds greater importance than the actual business itself. When dealing with Japanese companies, it is essential to engage in formal introductions, practice patience and flexibility, and show respect. Business cards play a significant role in Japanese business culture; individuals commonly carry multiple cards for networking purposes.
When initially meeting a business contact, it is crucial to either bow or shake hands and exchange business cards. It is customary to use both hands when presenting or receiving a business card, and after carefully reading it, store it in a pocket above the waist. Non-Japanese individuals often have a Japanese translation on the reverse side of their cards (Genezberger et al., 1996).
Both males and females are anticipated to wear costly dark suits. Female professionals should dress modestly. It is recommended to arrange business meetings with sufficient notice.
Before the meeting, it is important for Westerners to send a comprehensive list via mail or fax, specifying the topics to be discussed. It is necessary to establish relationships with both middle and junior level managers to avoid potential resentment and feelings of being insulted. When entering a Japanese company, it is customary to remove one's jacket promptly and put it back on when leaving. The leader of the group should introduce each member in descending order of rank. Business exchanges should occur first with Japanese executives and then with subordinates, in descending order.
In Japanese culture, it is customary to expect a gift during the first meeting. The way the gift is presented holds significant importance, sometimes even more than the gift itself. It is customary to give gifts with both hands, and they may be initially rejected before being accepted. Gifts are not opened immediately upon receiving them. Certain flowers or potted plants should be avoided as gifts due to the cultural significance associated with them. It is advisable to inform the recipient in advance when giving a gift (Roberts. 2007). Socializing; Eating
Japanese people enhance their bond with their social circles by interacting outside of a professional setting (Long, 1996). Both Japanese men and women are known for their propensity to consume alcohol. Acts of misconduct while inebriated are frequently pardoned. Unlike other countries, it is not customary to leave gratuity for servers in Japan. When dining in restaurants that encourage group seating, it is typical for men to sit with legs crossed while women either sit with legs off to the side or crossed over one another. The concepts of high context and low context communication refer to significant disparities in cultural norms.
High context cultures are characterized by vague and implicit cultural aspects. These cultures are typically collective in nature, emphasizing non-verbal communication and the understanding of messages based on the relationship between individuals. Japan is often cited as a prime example of a high context culture (Beer, 2003). "Face" refers to the preservation of dignity, self-respect, and reputation. In high-context cultures, preserving "face" is a significant aspect. Various actions can cause an individual to lose face.
The breaking of "face" can occur through derogatory remarks, revealing personal inadequacy, or compromising cherished values (Face, 2007). In order to avoid losing face, it is generally advised to refrain from saying "no" directly and instead express disagreement politely ("Face," 2007). When engaging in business in Japan, it is crucial to understand the level of respect owed to others due to the formal and ritualistic culture. The Japanese custom greeting involves bowing, with the depth of the bow depending on the relationship with the other person (Genezberger et al., 1996).
In Japan, it is recommended to wait for an introduction when first greeted as introducing oneself can be seen as impolite. Foreigners may need to bow slightly or shake hands when greeting ("Doing Business," 2007).
For immigration purposes, all foreigners entering Japan will have their fingerprints taken and photos captured as a precaution against terrorism. Some countries have agreements with Japan that only necessitate passports for entry. Foreign tourists must always carry their passports. If planning to stay longer than 90 days, a visa is necessary.
The duration of obtaining a Visa can range from two days to a week, depending on the embassy's circumstances. The fee for acquiring a single visa is 3000 yen, with certain countries exempt from this charge ("A Guide," 2007).
When visiting Japan, it is recommended to avoid long-distance travel due to expenses. However, there are various transportation options available for covering long distances including trains, highway buses, airplanes, and long-distance ferries. Renting a car is also possible.
The cost of hotel rooms for solo travelers will vary depending on their budget.
The price range for affordable business hotels is between 3,500 and 7,000 yen per day. For more expensive business hotels or Western style hotels, the prices can be 7,000 yen and above. Public washrooms typically do not provide toilet paper, so it is recommended to bring your own. It is important to ask for a "toi" (short for "toilet") instead of a "bathroom," as the latter may lead you to a bathing area. When traveling, it is polite to keep your backpack or luggage out of the way of other travelers (Haslam, 2002). Each household must have a survival kit in case of an earthquake ("Japan Travel," 2007). English-speaking hospitals and services may not be covered by Japanese national health insurance and could result in additional costs for visitors (Rogers, 1994). In conclusion, Japan exhibits a highly collectivist culture that is evident in everyday business interactions. While Japanese business protocol and etiquette may be unfamiliar to Western professionals, Japanese people are accommodating towards foreign professionals. ReferencesThe text inside the
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Insights into Japan: Society, Business, and Politics. (2018, Sep 22). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/essay-about-doing-business-in-japan-essay
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