Anti-War Perspectives in Literary Narratives

Introduction

In the realm of literature, the exploration of anti-war sentiments is a profound avenue through which authors engage with societal attitudes towards conflict. Two notable examples, William Dean Howells' "Editha" and Kate Chopin's "Désirée's Baby," offer insightful perspectives on the consequences of war and the destructive nature of prejudice. This essay delves into these narratives, analyzing how these authors use their works to challenge romanticized ideals associated with war and highlight the perils of ingrained biases.

The Idealization of War in "Editha"

William Dean Howells' short story "Editha" is a compelling exploration of the consequences of war, as seen through the lens of an unwitting protagonist.

Editha, a young and idealistic girl, becomes a vessel for Howells to critique the prevailing notion that war provides a glorious transition into adulthood for young men, disregarding the profound physical and psychological toll it may exact.

Editha's character is emblematic of the societal fervor for war during the Spanish-American conflict. Driven by her belief in the romanticized hero, she persistently coerces her boyfriend, George, to enlist in the war, equating military service with winning her favor.

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However, this idealization of war leads to tragic consequences, as George, complying with Editha's wishes, becomes one of the first casualties.

Editha, though grieving, fails to recognize her indirect role in George's demise, emphasizing Howells' counterclaim against the prevailing notions of nationalism and patriotism. After George's death, Editha outwardly mourns, wearing black in respect for her fallen lover. Paradoxically, she becomes a poignant symbol of the indirect consequences of war.

Mrs. Gearson, George's mother, confronts Editha, revealing that she did not anticipate her son's death after having "given him up to their country." This confrontation serves as a powerful commentary on the widespread societal blindness to the harsh realities of war, as many, like Editha, support the war effort without fully comprehending the potential sacrifices.

Despite the tragedy, Editha remains ensconced in her idealized vision of war, failing to grasp the true horrors and cruelties it entails. This, according to Howells, encapsulates the real tragedy of war—a populace living in blissful ignorance, perpetuating support for conflicts without fully understanding their devastating consequences.

The Aftermath: A Nation in Denial

Howells uses Editha's character not only to critique the individual consequences of war but also to reflect on the broader societal impact. Editha's mourning and Mrs. Gearson's confrontation serve as a microcosm of a nation in denial, unable or unwilling to confront the true costs of its actions.

By introducing this eye-opener for the reader, Howells makes an intelligent point by subtly relating Editha to a vast majority of our country's population. Like Editha, many people do not expect the brave soldiers to return as corpses, which leads to much general support for wars through nationalism. It is through these wars that many loved ones become mere memories, much like George became for his mother and Editha.

Additionally, many people like Editha keep supporting the war effort despite the tragedies that occur, but this is not surprising. Because Editha did not personally experience the horrors and paranoia of the battlefield for herself, she continues to live in her ideal, a perfect depiction of what Howells considers the real tragedy of war.

Racial Prejudice as a Precursor to Conflict in "Désirée's Baby"

Kate Chopin's "Désirée's Baby" takes a different narrative route to present a similar anti-war sentiment. Instead of directly addressing war, Chopin delves into the theme of racial prejudice, a pervasive issue in the United States with historical roots leading to conflicts like the Civil War.

The story revolves around Désirée, who marries Armand Aubigny, a powerful and respected man. However, when their child is born with dark skin, Armand, influenced by ingrained racial biases, disowns Désirée and the baby. Chopin uses this conflict to highlight the destructive nature of prejudice, drawing parallels between Armand's rejection of his own child and historical divisions within the country.

Armand's refusal to accept the child mirrors the stubbornness of those who clung to white supremacy before the Civil War. Désirée, akin to the Union, fights for love despite racial differences, underscoring the insignificance of skin color. Armand, embodying the Confederacy, clings to his pride and refuses to integrate, ultimately leading to the separation of the couple.

Chopin ingeniously portrays how racial prejudice, much like war, creates internal conflicts and divisions. The story serves as a commentary on the destructive consequences of biases, urging readers to reflect on historical prejudices that have perpetuated strife and disharmony.

Parallels Between Racial Prejudice and War

The racial tensions presented in "Désirée's Baby" draw intriguing parallels to the societal divisions that precede and accompany war. Armand's disdain for his own child mirrors the dehumanization that occurs when individuals are blinded by prejudice, much like nations at the brink of war.

Just as Armand clings to his belief in white supremacy, nations embroiled in conflicts often hold onto ideologies that dehumanize the "other," justifying acts of war. Désirée's unwavering love, despite being unfairly blamed for the child's complexion, represents a plea for unity and acceptance, mirroring the sentiments of anti-war advocates who call for diplomacy and understanding over armed conflicts.

Conclusion: A Call for Critical Reflection

Both Howells and Chopin employ their respective narratives to critique societal attitudes towards war and prejudice. "Editha" and "Désirée's Baby" challenge readers to reconsider the romanticized ideals associated with war and the detrimental impact of ingrained prejudices. By delving into the complexities of these issues, the authors prompt a critical reflection on the consequences of blind support for war and the divisive nature of prejudice. Through nuanced storytelling, they encourage a deeper understanding of the human cost of conflict, advocating for a more informed and empathetic perspective.

As we navigate the intricate narratives of "Editha" and "Désirée's Baby," it becomes evident that literature serves as a powerful tool for fostering empathy, challenging societal norms, and prompting critical discourse on the issues that continue to shape our world. In the face of the narratives presented by Howells and Chopin, readers are implored to question the glorification of war and to confront the deep-seated prejudices that persist, ultimately striving for a more compassionate and harmonious society.