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As with the growth of information technology, the need for robots has become the prime issue in almost every sector. Robotics technology depends heavily on Motor Controls, Sensors, and Processors. Robots can be defined as intelligent machines that accomplish a (usually repetitive) task. Robots never get tired or bored, they can endure physical conditions that are uncomfortable or even dangerous, and they can operate in airless conditions. They do not get bored by repetition and they cannot be distracted from the task at hand [2].
Most robots use a large number of sensors and motors, especially as they try to replace human task-oriented actions [1]. More generally, it is a machine that functions in place of a living agent [2]. Thus, robots are especially valuable to space exploration. Not only can they travel to environments too hostile or too distant for human explorers, but they can also enhance the work schedule of a manned space mission [2]. As they did for Apollo mission.
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“ She followed all my directions. It was really easy to contact her and respond very fast as well. ”
When it comes to exploring the hostile environment of space, robots have done a lot (if not most) of the exploring. The only other planet besides Earth that humans have set foot on is the Moon. Robotic explorers, however, have set down on the Moon, Mars, Venus, Titan, and Jupiter, as well as a few comets and asteroids. Robotic missions can travel further and faster. They can return more scientific data than missions that include humans. There is much debate on whether the future of space exploration should rely solely on robots, or whether humans should have a role.
As contentious as this issue is, there is no doubt that robots have and will continue to contribute to our understanding of the Universe [3].
Humans are driven to explore the unknown, discover new worlds, push the boundaries of our scientific and technical limits, and then push further. The intangible desire to explore and challenge the boundaries of what we know and where we have been had provided benefits to the human race.
Human space exploration helps to address questions like the history of our solar system. Through addressing the challenges related to human space exploration we expand technology, create new industries. Exploration is vital to the human spirit and accepting the challenge of going deeper into space without risking human life. Human being began to invent and use space robots.
Humanity began here in Ethiopia. But we didn't stay here, not all of us. Over thousands of years, some humans walked all over the continent, then out of it. And when they came to the sea, they built boats and sailed distances to islands they could not have known were there. Why? Probably for the same reason we look up at the moon and the stars and say, "What's up there? Could we go there? Maybe we could go there." Because it's something human beings do. Human has been exploring new things from our existence. Nowadays we use robots for everything.
In the latter half of the 20th century, rockets were developed that were powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital velocities, paving the way for space exploration to become a reality [19].
In the 1930s and 1940s, Nazi Germany saw the possibilities of using long-distance rockets as weapons. Late in World War II, London was attacked by 200-mile-range V-2 missiles, which arched 60 miles high over the English Channel at more than 3,500 miles per hour [19]. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union created their own missile programs [19].
On Oct. 4, 1957, the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into space. Four years later on April 12, 1961, Russian Lt [19]. Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth in Vostok 1. His flight lasted 108 minutes, and Gagarin reached an altitude of 327 kilometers (about 202 miles) [19].
Robots have been used for new places exploration. In 21st century technology made it easier for us to do things. One of the uprising sectors is space exploration. Human being began to look for new things from the deep space before the birth of Christ. But technologies were not as effective as today back then. We consider two problems from traditionally different backgrounds. The first is the exploration and coverage of a space by a mobile robot. The new era of space exploration began in the 20th century. The leading countries were Russia and the USA. They used robots to make their move more effective and free from risk.
The first mobile, remote?controlled robot to land on another celestial body was Lunokhod1 ("moonwalker"). This was carried to the Moon by Luna 17 which was launched on November 10, 1970, by the Soviet Union (Russia) and which soft?landed at the Sea of Rains on November 17. The robot was a mobile, 2.3?m?long vehicle, weighing 756?kg and comprised a tub?like compartment with a large convex lid, mounted on eight independently powered wheels, driven by electric motors. It was powered by batteries which were recharged during the lunar day by a 180?W solar array mounted on the underside of the lid. The second Soviet lunar robot, Lunokhod2, landed in January 1973 and stood 135?cm high and had a mass of 840?kg. It was about 170?cm long and 160?cm wide and again had eight wheels, each with independent suspension and its own electric motor and brake. The robot had a maximum speed of ?2?km/h and was equipped with four panoramic cameras and three TV cameras, one mounted high for navigation which could return high-resolution images at different frame rates, used by controllers on Earth to transmit driving commands in real?time. Power was again by a solar panel and as with its predecessor, a radioisotope heater was used to maintain temperature during the lunar nights. The robot was equipped with a range of scientific instruments and operated for about four months, covered 37?km of terrain, including hilly upland areas, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures. The 37?km journey remains the greatest distance any robotic rover has ever been driven on another celestial body. Lunokhod 2 has been detected by laser ranging experiments and its position is known with sub?meter accuracy. [4]
These pioneering robots set the scene for more ambitious missions by the Soviet Union and the USA to the planet Mars. As well as having acquired a huge and unique body of knowledge on lunar and planetary science, several features of these robots have also contributed to terrestrial robotic technology. These include the use of advanced solar cell?based power and power management systems; vision?based guidance and other navigation techniques; locomotion, traction and suspension systems; radiation hardening; and long?range communication and control technologies. [4]
We tend to create a picture that illustrates the use of robots and robotics in space. Specifically on Rovers or mobile space robots that are common these days. We will discuss how they work. How they create communication with a station that are located here on earth. What algorithm they use while performing some task and giving a decision. We are going to discuss how the robots part works with each other and make a decision.
In the second chapter, we are going to talk about how space robots work and briefly state the types of robots that are in use these days for space exploration. This paper will focus on rover's technology and their algorithm for the betterment of space exploration.
The third part will be the Limitations, Advantage and Disadvantage Rovers have toward us. The fourth part is about the technologies that used in the past, being used today and predict what is going to happen in the future. We are also going to describe what impact the technology has on Ethiopia.
Applications outside the Earth's atmosphere are clearly a good fit for robots. It is dangerous for humans to go to space, to be in space and to return from space. Keeping robots operating in space presents some unique challenges for engineers [5]. Space Robotics technology is emerging at a rapid pace, offering new possibilities for automating tasks in space exploration. This is because robots can work more efficiently in a hostile, non-terrestrial environment like space. One of the basic function of a space robot is to navigate its way cleverly through all obstacles that come in its way.
Space robots are not new to science fiction, movies and plenty of machines today perform complex scientific tasks on Earth and in space. From helping astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) during spacewalks to looking for the deep space. Several robots even dwell on the surface of other worlds, such as the Mars rovers.
Satellites are specifically made for telecommunication purpose. They are used for mobile applications such as communication to ships, vehicles, planes, hand-held terminals and for TV and radio broadcasting. 2 They are responsible for providing these services to an assigned region (area) on the earth. The power and bandwidth of these satellites depend upon the preferred size of the footprint, the complexity of the traffic control protocol schemes and the cost of ground stations Satellites have become essential for modern life. Among the important applications of satellite technology are video, voice, IP data, radio, Earth and space observation, global resource monitoring, military, positioning (GPS), microgravity science and many others. From direct-to-home TV to the Hubble telescope, satellites are one of the defining technologies of the modern age [7].
Satellite services have some big advantages, such as being available almost everywhere on Earth without wires, being mobile, being the perfect broadcast medium, and being protocol agnostic. The downside to satellite technology is that satellites have either limited visibility over a spot on Earth, or a long round-trip time, and they broadcast data that can be received by anyone under them. Satellite transmissions are also affected by both terrestrial and space weather. They are subject to a higher error rate than fiber, and they are complex from both a physical and regulatory point of view. Satellites are launched from Earth by the shuttle, from high-flying airplanes, or from ground-based rockets. Once launched, payloads must reach proper elevation and escape velocity to be boosted into orbit. In order to maintain proper orbit, satellites are controlled from a ground station on Earth that sends commands and receives status and telemetry from the satellite [7].
We are going to discuss this paper about rovers specifically. These robots are used for planetary exploration most of the time. Human beings have sent so many rovers to other planets. Scientists don't want to have a robot that stuck in just one spot on a planet surface since they never know what exciting discovery might be just around the next place. So engineers built rovers. Rovers give scientists the ability to explore an area beyond the place where landers touch down. Rovers, unlike space probes, move across the surface of the planet. We can take Rovers that use wheels rather than legs. They move.
A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that does not orbit Earth unlike satellites, but instead, explores further into outer space. Space probes have visited the Moon, asteroids, comets, and every planet in the solar system. Probes unmanned device sent to explore space and gather information then send the data or information gathered space probes. A space probe is launched from Earth with a set of scientific instruments and tools used to study the atmosphere and composition of space and other planets, moons, or celestial bodies. A probe may operate far out in space, or it may orbit or land on a planet or a moon. It may make a one-way journey, or it may bring samples and data back to Earth. Most probes transmit data from space by radio. There are different types of space probes because they collect different science information about very different environments. The probes must be able to pass the various extreme environments to collect data. Humans have been sending space probes into space since the 20th century.
Space probes can be taken as planetary landers or orbiters like satellites on different planets or celestial body other than earth.
Astronaut Assistance work alongside humans as a robotic helper. Most of the time these robots used in International space station (ISS). Besides acting as explorers, space robots can also assist astronauts in manned spaceflight. One of the most notable examples is a device known as the Canadarm [8]. Developed with funding from the Canadian Space Agency, the Canadarm became a permanent fixture on many American space shuttles and the international space station. With a human working a set of controls, the Canadarm and other subsequent manipulators developed for use in outer space moves within 6 degrees of freedom to transfer cargo, release satellites, and transport astronauts performing extravehicular activities to their work sites [8]. It is all but certain that successors to the Canadarm will continue to be a part of future manned spaceflight, as will a range of other related and developing technologies [8].
Another Siri like a robot that used abroad the international space station is Cimon. CIMON's combination of Watson AI, cloud connectivity, and neural network training also allows it to recognize, learn from, and bond with the crew. Everyone aboard the station can communicate verbally with natural language. CIMON can offer up creative solutions to especially tricky challenges. It can even be a watchful security guard, noticing potential problems before they become truly dangerous [8].
Did we also mention that CIMON is a big medicine ball-sized floating robot? That it has an uncannily friendly face displayed on a screen? The materials are 3D printed plastic and metal, but the result is something that truly straddles the freaky and fantastic ends of science-fiction depending on how you look [8]. Sometimes this robots called Humanoid space robots because they can function as an equivalent to humans during space activities. Cimon is the world's first artificial intelligent Astronaut assistant [8].
Introduction As with the growth of information. (2019, Nov 26). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/introductionintroductionas-with-the-growth-of-information-example-essay
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