Overview Of IPv6 Over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network Technology

6LoWPAN (IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network) is a technology that helps to transfer large data in smaller frames. The core of 6LoWPAN is adaptation layer that makes it more feasible to use for low power devices and make them work for longer time.

• Network Architecture: 6LoWPAN network connect to IPv6 network using edge router which does not store application layer state. Routers and Hosts are two device types that are present in 6LoWPAN network. Routers are used to route traffic and hosts are end devices mostly sleepy.
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• System Stack: Physical Layer: Physical layer uses IEEE 802.15.4g that provides additional radio frequency.
• Data Link Layer: IEEE 802.15.4e is a MAC amendment provides TSCH and CSL. 6LoWPAN adaptation layer is also resides in this layer.
• Network Layer: Network layer routes traffic using RPL. Transport Layer: In 6LoWPAN UDP is preferred over TCP as it creates lower overhead. Application Layer: At application level COAP and MQTT are used which are more efficient than HTTP (commonly used in IPv6).
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• 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer: Adaptation layer helps 6LoWPAN network to own functionalities of IPv6 and minimize overhead that is created using IPv6.

Tasks of adaptation layer are as follows:

1. Header Compression: It compresses 40 bytes of IPv6 and 8 bytes of UDP headers by not using of redundant fields. In 6LoWPAN stateless and shared context compression is used which allows routing protocol to dynamically selects network routes without disturbing compression ratio.
2. Fragmentation and Reassembly: MTU of IPv6 is of 1280 bytes and if we have to transmit IPv6 frames over IEEE 802.
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   15.4 radio links then there is need to divide frames into more smaller segments known as fragmentation. Fragmentation technique based upon routing protocols.

Two types of techniques used for fragmentation are:

• Mesh-under: Fragments are reassembled at their final destination only. It works on layer 2.
• Route-over: Fragments are reassembled at every hop. It works on layer 3. Currently RPL is working using route-over technique.
3. Stateless Auto Configuration and Neighbor Discovery: In 6LowPAN devices can generate their own IPv6 addresses known as stateless auto configuration. To get address host can communicate using Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP).

It uses four types of messages:

• Router Solicitation (RS)
• Router Advertisement (RA)
• Neighbor Solicitation (NS)
• Neighbor Advertisement (NA).

If a host wants to join 6LoWPAN network, it will assign itself link local unicast address and sends this address in NS message to all devices in network. Within defined time frame if it does not receive any NA message from its neighbor, it will assume that this address is unique. This process is known as Duplicate Address Detection (DAD). After DAD host send RS message to router to correct its prefix.