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Through this essay I will be looking at the work of Stanley Kubrick. Kubrick is known for his demanding and very detailed approach to film making and is the embodiment of an auteur. But what does it mean to be an auteur? The auteur theory, which was derived largely from Astruc’s elucidation of the concept of camera-stylo (‘camera-pen’), holds that the director, who oversees all audio and visual elements of the motion picture, is more to be considered the author of the movie than is the writer of the screenplay.
This essentially means that to be an auteur is to be much more than just a director – it is much more personal. They need to have their own perspective, a unique point of view that imposes itself onto every film they work on. New Wave directors in the 1950’s came up with the theory that an auteur must have full command over the way a story is told, both artistically (themes, genre, symbols, and overall mise-en-scene) and technically (shots, framing and overall mise-en-shot).
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And most importantly, this signature they have developed must be evident in all of their work, linking every piece in a way that makes it clear to audiences that this film is entirely theirs. An auteur’s signature involves themes, narrative and film making style. In the following paragraphs I will be examining Kubrick’s signature in more detail with specific reference to a selection of his films.
Themes are a key aspect to any auteurs work and, of course, this includes Stanley Kubrick.
Early Kubrick works such as The Killing (Kubrick, 1956) and Fear and Desire (Kubrick, 1953) seem to draw on noir-like ideas including things like existentialism. This theme is still present in some of his later films though, however, it develops alongside other tropes such as nihilism, war and detachment. We see this prominently in his film Dr Strangelove (Kubrick, 1964). Although presented as a dark comedy, the film revolves around heavy issues like the futility of war and an impending nuclear wipe out. Rather than dealing with them in a serious way, Kubrick makes these concepts slightly easier to digest and connect with by using characters that are almost caricatures at times and have obsessions beyond reason, making them and their actions in the war room seem absurd. The film was an adaptation of the novel Red Alert (George, 1958) which is about the genuinely frightening threat of nuclear war at the time and Kubrick, through utilising his own personal film making style, managed to create what is arguably one of the best anti-war satires ever made. (reference) We see a recurring use of anti-heroes in some of Kubrick’s films who help provide us with a more gritty, unsettling view of what mankind is capable of. We see this through Jack Torrance’s character in The Shining (Kubrick, 1980) who begins to unravel into a homicidal maniac, and also through Alex in Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange (Kubrick, 1972). We also see Kubrick’s characters also struggle to deal with the impact of their knowledge of society; with Barry Lyndon’s (Kubrick, 1975) titular hero scraping to the top of the aristocracy through questionable means; Alex dealing with his programming in A Clockwork Orange (Kubrick, 1972), and Jack being influenced by a spiritual presence in The Shining (Kubrick, 1980). This also feeds into the idea of a primal detachment and emotional withdrawal underlying Kubrick’s filmography. Eyes Wide Shut (Kubrick, 1999) sees Bill set out for a night of sexual and moral discovery when he discovers his wife almost cheated on him. Despite being ‘not the jealous type’, Bill plunges deep into a dangerous subculture of emotional retaliation and almost sleeps with a prostitute immediately after having his sexuality questioned.
As previously mentioned, an auteur is a director whose creative control over a project is absolute. They must have a unique and easily recognisable style. (reference) This includes narrative style. Kubrick tends to use his concept of ‘non-submersible units’ rather than sticking to a more traditional and commonly seen narrative style. These ‘units’ represent the key sections of each film and solidify their place in the narrative of their respective movie. (reference) This means that the rest of the film’s narrative and the action that follows is created with the sole purpose of supporting these units and the main characters development. It doesn’t matter which film we look at when examining this because no matter the genre – war, historical, science fiction, comedy or horror – he uses this narrative technique to really delve into all the facets of human nature. For example, he examines… (reference) Kubrick also uses his characters to do this and in each of his films there are moments where the protagonist slips from conventional society and is left to ponder their very existence and its meaning. We see this very clearly in…
As with any auteur, when watching Kubrick’s films, we become aware of his use of motif. One recurring thing we see in many of his films is colour. There is an array of vivid colours in many of his films, the most notable being: A Clockwork Orange (Kubrick, 1972) and The Shining (Kubrick, 1980). Bathroom scenes are also seen repeatedly in his films, however, these are not just your generic scenes in a toilet or washroom, they are in fact crucial in his films Eyes Wide Shut (Kubrick, 1999), The Shining (Kubrick, 1980), and in Full Metal Jacket (Kubrick, 1987)… Along with things like colour and certain mise-en-scene’s, Kubrick employs a very unique way of utilising music and the soundtracks for his films. There are several examples of where he backs everything up with a sense of polish and refinement – grace. (reference) This is primarily through his use of rousing classical music in the films Barry Lyndon (Kubrick,1975), Eyes Wide Shut (Kubrick, 1999), 2001: A Space Odyssey (Kubrick, 1968), and particularly in A Clockwork Orange (Kubrick, 1972). Whilst this does seem to fit certain scenes – for example… - at times the use of this genre of music and the atmosphere it helps to create seems almost paradoxical. We see this in A Clockwork Orange (Kubrick, 1972) in which the main character, Alex, has an intense interest – almost obsession – with classical music and in particular, Beethoven and it is this that provides an unsettling soundtrack to accompany the ultra-violence and extreme conditioning techniques that we are privy to throughout this film.
From a technical perspective, Kubrick’s photography experience was a huge influence on his approach to cinematography, lighting and editing. (reference) Barry Lyndon (Kubrick, 1975) particularly lingers on the picturesque, with some beautiful individual shots akin to oil paintings. technology. Released a year before the moon landing, 2001: A Space Odyssey (Kubrick, 1968) represented technological advancements way ahead of its time, and not just cinematically. The Earth had not yet been photographed from space, yet Kubrick’s special effects (which won him his only Academy Award) were dazzlingly accurate. So accurate that conspiracy theorists would have you believe Stanley Kubrick choreographed a staged moon landing. Cinematography is also an important aspect to any auteurs work. Kubrick has a tendency to use long tracking shots and the reverse zoom in his repertoire of films. One example of this is A Clockwork Orange (Kubrick, 1972) which opens with a reverse zoom of the droogs in the milk bar. We see his use of long tracking shots which follow Colonel Dax through the trenches in Paths of Glory (Kubrick, 1957), and Danny through the hotel hallways of The Shining (Kubrick, 1980). These techniques and shots are all used in scenes that underpin Kubrick’s technical style and have, over time, become instantly recognisable to audiences. (reference)
To conclude, I believe that Stanley Kubrick is one of the most influential contemporary auteurs, so much so that he has been referred to as a ‘cinematic giant’. (Pezzotta, 2014) Cinema is just a way of expressing things and I think that Kubrick has found his own, unique form of expression which has been so impactful on modern film critics and film makers. As much as Stanley Kubrick has discussed the personal nature of his films in interviews, his artistic vision has impacted popular culture and multiple generations of writers and directors and I believe that this is the mark of a true auteur. His legacy lives on through his work and particularly through some of his key scenes including: the transition shot of the bone being thrown into the air of the space station in 2001: A Space Odyssey (Kubrick, 1968); the ultra-violence of A Clockwork Orange (Kubrick, 1972); The Shining’s (Kubrick, 1980) infamous “Heeere’s Johnny!” and the drill sergeant verbally destroying new recruits in Full Metal Jacket (Kubrick, 1987). ‘Kubrick’s legacy is truly entwined with that of world cinema’ (reference) and I believe that he is the epitome of what it means to be an auteur.
Bibliography:
1. Astruc, A. (1948). Du Stylo à la caméra et de la caméra au stylo. L'Écran française.
2. Egan, K. (2015). Precious footage of the auteur at work: framing, accessing, using, and cultifying Vivian Kubrick's Making the Shining. New Review of Film and Television Studies, 13(1), pp.63-82.
3. George, P. (1958). Red Alert. United Kingdom: T. V. Boardman.
4. Kagan, N. (2003). The Cinema of Stanley Kubrick. 3rd ed. New York: The Continuum Publishing Group.
5. Kolker, R. (2010). Rage for Order: Kubrick's Fearful Symmetry. Raritan, 30(1), pp.50-67, 172.
6. The Killing. (1956). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United States: Harris-Kubrick Pictures Corporation.
7. Fear and Desire. (1953). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United States: RKO Pathe.
8. The Shining. (1980). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United States: Peregrine Productions.
9. Paths of Glory. (1957). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United States: Bryna Productions.
10. Full Metal Jacket. (1987). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United States: Harrier Films.
11. Eyes Wide Shut. (1999). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United States: Stanley Kubrick Productions.
12. Dr Strangelove. (1964). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United Kingdom: Hawk Films.
13. Barry Lyndon. (1975). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United Kingdom: Hawk Films.
14. A Clockwork Orange. (1972). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United Kingdom: Hawk Films.
15. 2001: A Space Odyssey. (1968). [film] Directed by S. Kubrick. United States: Stanley Kubrick Productions.
16. Petrie, G. (1973). Alternatives to Auteurs. Film Quarterly, 26(3), pp.27-35.
17. Pezzotta, E. (2014). Stanley Kubrick. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
18. Sperb, J. (2006). The Kubrick Facade. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press.
19. Webster, P. (2011). Love and Death in Kubrick. Jefferson [Car. du N.].: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
The Cinema Made By Stanley Kubrick. (2024, Feb 13). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/the-cinema-made-by-stanley-kubrick-essay
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