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The Neoclassical period, spanning from 1660 to 1800, unfolds as a significant epoch in literary history. It marks a cultural revival, a deliberate attempt to move beyond the tumultuous Interregnum and English Civil Wars. In this era, the ideals of Ancient Roman and Greek cultures were resurrected, laying the groundwork for a distinct literary landscape that would shape the course of English literature. This renaissance, both in thought and expression, sought to breathe new life into societal values by drawing inspiration from the classical past, especially from the events preceding the Interregnum and Civil Wars.
Central to the neoclassical ethos was a shared belief in the enduring nature of humanity.
This conviction found expression in a prevailing theme of humility, where authors acknowledged the limited scope of human knowledge. The emergence of the Middle Class in Britain during this period proved pivotal, providing ample leisure time for reading and catalyzing the popularity of newspapers, periodicals, and novels. This shift in societal dynamics laid the foundation for a more widespread engagement with literature, democratizing access to knowledge and fostering a culture of introspection.
Essays emerged as the dominant literary form during the neoclassical era, presented both in prose and verse.
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Notably, dramatic elements, especially tragedy, took a backseat as authors honed their focus on comic and satiric principles. The demand for polished language made literature accessible not only to the nobility but also to the burgeoning middle class. This emphasis on linguistic refinement reflected a broader societal trend toward intellectual refinement, where individuals sought not only entertainment but also intellectual stimulation in their literary pursuits.
The Neoclassical period unfolds in three distinct ages, each characterized by specific literary preferences.
The Restoration Age (1660-1700) witnessed the ascendancy of heroic couplets and the categorization of odes under the division of comedy of manners. This era, marked by the restoration of the English monarchy, sought to establish a sense of order and decorum in literature. The Augustan Age (1700-1750) glorified journalistic principles, evolving to take the shape of fictional writings. The rise of journalism indicated a growing interest in societal affairs and the desire to fictionalize these matters, blurring the lines between fact and fiction in literature. Finally, the Age of Johnson (1750-1798) saw a return to the comedy of manners, alongside the rise of ballads and sentimental poetry. This period marked a culmination of neoclassical ideals, reflecting both a refined literary taste and a keen interest in the intricacies of human relationships.
Among the luminaries of the neoclassical period, Daniel Defoe stands out as a critical figure whose impact reverberates through the annals of literature. His magnum opus, "Robinson Crusoe," signaled the seismic shift from the Restoration Age to the Augustan period. Defoe's subsequent novels, including "Moll Flanders" and "A Journal of the Plague Year," delved into the intricacies of human nature, forging a profound connection between readers and characters within the complex tapestry of plots. These novels, often characterized by their realistic and detailed narrative style, became a mirror reflecting the societal anxieties and aspirations of the time.
Beyond the realms of fiction, Defoe assumed the role of a socio-political commentator. His views on economic, religious, and political matters found expression through essays, pamphlets, and journals. "Reflections upon the Great Revolution" exemplified his staunch opposition to Catholicism, while analytical perspectives permeated his journals like "A Review of The Affairs of France." These writings not only captured the pulse of the society but also contributed to a broader discourse on the prevailing issues, pushing the boundaries of literary expression beyond mere entertainment.
Defoe's pen wielded the power of satire, evident in his essay "The Shortest Way with the Dissenter." This satirical piece, published anonymously, mockingly exaggerated extreme views on the mass murder of Nonconformists. It mirrored the prevailing trend of satirical pieces dominating neoclassical literature, offering a sharp critique of societal norms.
Satire, as employed by Defoe, became a potent tool for dissent, challenging established norms and questioning the status quo. It created a space for alternative perspectives and paved the way for a more nuanced understanding of contemporary issues.
Defoe's unconventional education at Charles Morton's Academy left an indelible mark on his distinctive writing style. Expressing gratitude for his academy education, Defoe's essays and pamphlets echoed the pedagogical influence of Charles Morton. This unconventional educational path contributed to Defoe's unique literary voice, setting him apart from his contemporaries. Morton's academy, known for its alternative approach to education, fostered an environment of intellectual curiosity and critical thinking. Defoe's exposure to such an atmosphere shaped his writing style, characterized by a blend of pragmatism and intellectual depth.
The influence of female prose narratives, including the works of Aphra Behn, Mary Delariviere Manley, and Jane Barker, played a pivotal role in Defoe's career as a novelist. These shorter prose narratives paved the way for longer works of fiction to gain acceptance, creating an audience that favored fictional pieces and contributing to the acceptance of Defoe's novelistic endeavors. Female writers of the neoclassical period, often overlooked in historical accounts, played a crucial role in shaping the literary landscape. Their contributions not only paved the way for novelistic acceptance but also challenged gender norms in literature.
Despite Defoe's pivotal role in shaping neoclassical literature, his societal standing was fraught with challenges. As a dissenter and outsider, he faced rejection from contemporary figures like Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift. Pope, while acknowledging the merit of "Robinson Crusoe," critiqued Defoe's broader body of work, highlighting the complexities of recognition in an era marked by shifting literary paradigms. Swift, on the other hand, dismissed Defoe's contributions, stating that he could not be endured in society. This dichotomy of acknowledgment and dismissal underscores the challenges Defoe faced in gaining recognition despite his undeniable impact on the trajectory of English literature.
In conclusion, Daniel Defoe's influence on neoclassical literature transcends the mere creation of the English novel. His diverse body of work, spanning fiction, essays, and journalism, encapsulates the analytical and satirical essence of the Neoclassical period. Defoe's legacy persists as a testament to the transformative power of literature in shaping societal perspectives and challenging the status quo. As we navigate the intricate tapestry of neoclassical literature, Daniel Defoe stands as a beacon, guiding us through a period of intellectual upheaval and creative resurgence.
Neoclassical Period: Daniel Defoe's Impact on Literature. (2021, Sep 21). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/the-characteristics-of-the-neoclassical-period-of-literature-in-daniel-defoe-s-writings-essay
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