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The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the process of standardization using a primary standard and to highlight its applications in environmental chemical analysis.
The experiment was conducted following these steps:
Quantitative analysis techniques play a crucial role in determining the amounts of species present in a solution.
Volumetric analysis, one such technique, relies on volume measurements and includes standardization as a critical component.
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The primary objective of standardization is to accurately determine the concentration of a solution. It is typically performed using a primary standard, which is a reference reagent with a known purity and certain properties such as resistance to oxidation and crystallization. In this experiment, Mercuric Oxide (HgO) served as the primary standard to standardize an acid solution through titration.
Titration is a quantitative process used to standardize a solution by gradually adding a primary standard solution to it. The point at which titration concludes is known as the endpoint, which may differ slightly from the theoretical equivalence point due to titration errors. Indicators are vital in titration, as they signal the endpoint by altering certain properties of the primary standard, such as color, turbidity, electrical properties, or temperature.
1) Volume of solution used in titration: 33.1 ml
2) Molecular weight of HgO: 216.59 g/mol
Concentration of the standardized solution:
Molarity (M) = Moles (mol) / Volume (L)
Molarity (M) = 0.1188 mg / (0.020 moles / 1L) = 5.94 M
1) The use of standardized solutions in environmental chemical analysis is of paramount importance as it allows us to determine the strength, purity, and exact concentration of a solution. Employing standardized solutions helps prevent errors in experimental findings and minimizes the risk of chemical injuries.
2) It is worth considering alternative primary standards like Na2CO3 due to their properties, including known purity, ease of preparation, and resistance to oxidation.
3) In laboratory experiments, the elimination of errors is nearly impossible. Three main types of errors encountered are random errors, systematic errors, and gross errors. Personal errors, such as slightly underusing the primary standard, variations in heating time, and distillation frequency, were the main contributors to errors in this experiment. It was expected that errors would be relatively high due to these factors.
Standardization of Solutions with Primary Standards. (2024, Jan 06). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/document/standardization-of-solutions-with-primary-standards
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