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The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate different pressure measurement methods. It involves using U-tube and inclined tube manometers, as well as calibrating a Bourdon tube manometer using a dead weight piston gauge.
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is defined as the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. It is typically measured in units such as N/m2, Pa, or psi. Absolute pressure (pabs) is measured relative to absolute zero pressure, which is the pressure at absolute vacuum.
For gas law calculations, pressure and temperature must be in absolute units.
A gauge is often used to measure the pressure difference between a system and the surrounding atmosphere, known as gauge pressure (pg), which can be calculated as:
pg = ps - patm ... (2)
Where:
pg = gauge pressure
ps = system pressure
patm = atmospheric pressure
U-tube manometers are commonly used to measure pressure differences between containers or points in a system, while Bourdon pressure gauges deform elastically in response to applied pressure, allowing pressure measurement for fluids.
The pressure changes in the U-tube and inclined U-tube manometers were measured by applying air pressure using a syringe at different volumes (1cc and 3cc).
The obtained values were averaged, and standard deviation was calculated to assess experimental errors.
The standard deviation ( ) is calculated using the following formula:
= √[Σ(xi - x̄)² / (n - 1)]
Where:
= standard deviation
xi = individual data point
x̄ = mean value
n = number of data points
The following data was obtained using U-tube, inclined U-tube manometers, and Bourdon gage:
Manometer Type | ∆h (mm) | Pressure (bars) | Inclined U-tube Manometer | ∆h (mm) | Pressure (bars) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1cc Syringe | 69 | 6.51±2.61 | 65.79 | 67.106±1.29 | 6.58±1.29 |
2cc Syringe | 66 | 6.51±2.61 | 65.79 | 67.106±1.29 | 6.58±1.29 |
3cc Syringe | 65 | 6.51±2.61 | 65.79 | 67.106±1.29 | 6.58±1.29 |
Sample | Weight (g) | P calculated (bar) | P label (bar) | P reading (bar) | P (corrected) (bar) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | - | 0.30 ± 0.025 | 0.0 ± 0.025 | 0.14 ± 0.025 | - |
1 | 191.4 | 0.166 | 0.166 ± 0.002 | 0.60 ± 0.025 | 0.16 ± 0.025 |
2 | 574.9 | 0.4987 | 0.50 ± 0.002 | 0.94 ± 0.025 | 0.50 ± 0.025 |
3 | 766.3 | 0.6647 | 0.666 ± 0.004 | 1.10 ± 0.025 | 0.66 ± 0.025 |
4 | 1148.8 | 0.9965 | 1.00 ± 0.004 | 1.43 ± 0.025 | 0.99 ± 0.025 |
5 | 2294.6 | 1.4916 | 1.50 ± 0.006 | 1.92 ± 0.025 | 1.48 ± 0.025 |
Unknown | - | x | - | 0.94 ± 0.025 | 0.50 ± 0.025 |
Note: The density of the fluid is equal to the density of water.
The inclination angle is 60°, and the diameter of the piston is 12 mm. The weight of the carrier is 519 g.
In conclusion, pressure measurement using manometers is a widely utilized and accurate technique. The experimental results closely match the expected values, with minor variations potentially attributable to experimental errors. It is worth noting that the Bourdon Gage Manometer had an initial calibration error of 0.3 bars, which may have resulted from air bubbles in the piston linings. This brief experiment required minimal effort but ensured reliable results through the acquisition of multiple manometer readings. Additionally, uncertainties were incorporated into calculations to enhance result accuracy.
Laboratory Report: Pressure Measurement. (2024, Jan 06). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/document/laboratory-report-pressure-measurement
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