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California has experienced fluctuations in its economy, largely due to geological disasters such as earthquakes. The devastating 1906 earthquake in San Francisco caused significant destruction and had lasting impacts on the state's economic stability.
San Francisco experienced widespread devastation following the earthquake, causing about 80% of the city to be demolished and sparking multiple fires. California, along with other states and nations, offered financial assistance for rebuilding efforts in the ninth largest city in the United States. Despite daunting obstacles, San Francisco managed to revive itself as a prosperous center for finance, trade, and arts on the West Coast.
The extensive damage caused by the earthquake in San Francisco was due to a combination of geological conditions and inadequate building construction.
If this earthquake were to happen again, it could lead to even more catastrophic consequences, such as a significant economic downturn in California. This is because of factors like dense population, aging infrastructure, and soaring real estate costs.
California is located between the active North American plate, moving south, and the Pacific Plate, moving north.
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These two plates are connected by the San Andreas Fault, a 1300 km boundary that stretches about 800 miles along California's coast. The San Andreas Fault extends from the Mendocino Triple Junction in Northern California to the Salton Sea in Southern California.
The California Geology textbook by Deborah R. Harden highlights the seismic activity along the San Andreas Fault in California, noting that there have been four significant earthquakes since 1812, each registering above 6.9 on the Richter scale. The most powerful quake recorded was an 8.0 magnitude event.
The deadliest earthquake occurred on April 18, 1906, when a 7.8-8.0 magnitude quake struck San Francisco, a city thriving during the gold rush period with over 400,000 residents and ranking as the ninth largest city in the United States at that time.
San Francisco, a city known for its cultural richness and dominance in finance and commerce in the Western United States, was struck by a devastating earthquake. The initial tremor at 5:12am lasted 20-25 seconds, followed by a major quake lasting 45-60 seconds. The impact was felt as far away as southern Oregon to the north, Los Angeles to the south, and central Nevada inland. Nearby cities like Santa Rosa and San Jose also suffered severe damage, with the Salinas River permanently shifting about 6 miles south due to the seismic event.
Following the earthquake, there were major fires caused by gas pipes breaking, power cables sparking, and unusually high temperatures. The destruction of water mains made it challenging for firefighters to put out the flames, which mainly affected wooden buildings. According to California Geology, around 3,000 people died in the earthquake, leaving 225,000-300,000 residents homeless out of San Francisco's total population of 400,000.
The Washington Post article "Repeat of Quake of 1906 Could Be Even More Deadly" by William Booth revealed that damage from a similar earthquake in San Francisco could be catastrophic. The estimated cost would exceed $8 billion in 2009, with potential impacts including up to 3,400 fatalities mainly due to building collapses and around 700,000 people displaced or homeless. Additionally, approximately 130,000 structures could suffer significant damage or destruction, resulting in immediate losses surpassing $125 billion. Booth cautioned that the aftermath might surpass the devastation seen during Hurricane Katrina.
According to USGS scientists, a potential future earthquake in the region may be more destructive than the 1906 quake because of increased population and building density. The impact of the 1906 earthquake along 300 miles of the San Andreas Fault now extends to regions with over 10 million residents and 3.5 million buildings valued at $1 trillion. Senior research scientist Mary Lou Zoback emphasized the susceptibility of urban areas in the Bay Area.
The city's population is mostly living in older buildings built before 1970, when building codes were less strict, making up about 80% of the housing. This puts an estimated 400,000 to 700,000 people at risk of homelessness. Zoback is worried about how these residents would evacuate if roads are blocked, highways are damaged, or tunnels are closed due to landslides.
Although the bridges are still structurally sound, their access may be restricted. The damage caused by the 6.7 magnitude Northridge earthquake in 1994, amounting to $20-40 billion, is far less compared to the potential economic devastation that could result from a 1906 quake hitting the Bay Area. This would not only impact buildings but also the water system, which depends on a single pipeline stretching over 150 miles from the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
The pipeline is in danger because it is close to 3 major earthquake faults, which could put the population at risk. According to San Francisco Public Utilities Commission spokesperson Tony Winnicker, efforts to reinforce the pipeline are currently underway and should be finished by 2016. If a major disaster occurs, water services will be restored within 24 hours of a breach, with full water delivery returning within 30 days.
Rebuilding all this would be almost impossible to achieve immediately, similar to the aftermath of the 1906 earthquake. Insurance companies had to send large amounts of money and gold to San Francisco, causing shortages on the East coast and in Europe. Transfers from European insurers to policyholders in San Francisco raised interest rates, resulting in a scarcity of available loans, leading to the Knickerbocker Trust Companies crisis of October 1907 and the Panic of 1907. Will history repeat itself? NBC News' Jennifer London reports that the estimated economic loss in the region from damaged buildings and their contents is over $120 billion. Land prices in the Bay Area, especially in Silicon Valley, have soared in recent decades.
The Silicon Valley region is in danger of facing high costs to rebuild its successful technology industry, which has generated substantial profits in recent years. With companies in the valley earning more than $300 million in 2006 alone, it can be assumed that this figure has only risen since then. If a catastrophic earthquake were to occur, these companies would experience significant declines in the stock market as their facilities are lost, affecting different sectors of society. This would greatly disturb the economic balance of the area, necessitating national support to lessen the impact.
In 1906, $5 million was raised rapidly following a highly publicized catastrophic event. Today, the expenses for aiding in relief efforts for a comparable disaster would surpass that sum by far. If San Francisco were to seek aid from the country, it is probable that military personnel would need to assist local firefighters, law enforcement officers, and volunteers in their rescue missions. Moreover, substantial funding would be needed to offer temporary shelter and meals for all individuals displaced by the disaster.
A repeat of the 1906 earthquake would greatly affect the economy of the Bay Area. Overcrowded hospitals and patient transfers could exacerbate the situation, potentially causing a more severe recession. Additionally, property values and city investments would decline. Ultimately, San Francisco and neighboring cities would suffer significant economic losses in such a scenario.
Economic Impacts of 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. (2016, Sep 09). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/san-francisco-1906-earthquake-essay
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