rather than employees In the literature Simpatia a Latin

rather than employees. In the literature, Simpatia, a Latin recognition tendency defined as "warm" and "friendly" by the Oxford Spanish Dictionary (2001) is culturally operationalized as an expectation that regard for the feelings of another will be expressed by a relational partner (Samovar & Porter, 1991). This regard for others also epitomized two other related constructs respeto (respect) and personalismo (interpersonal warmth) which are practiced in mainstream Latin American culture. The expectation that people should be treated with dignity, referred to as Respeto (Lenartowicz & Johnson, 2003) is reflected commonly through appropriate nonverbal behavior toward another person.

Abruptly showing anger or rage to another person or before a group, for instance, is viewed negatively. A personal relationship's degree of warmth is defined as Personalismo (Cuellar, Arnold, & Gonzalez, 1995; Panagua, 1994). People's worth being more than material possessions is the culture-based value behind Personalismo (Brasch, 1973), which was how CEOs praised their employees. Latin Americans' "high propensity to avoid uncertainty" (Becker, 2004, p. 120) is best satiated by providing more information and assurances than what might be expected in a U.

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S. context. Latin American letters contained almost twice as many total topics an average of 15.5 topics compared with the U.S. letter average of 7.9 topics. In most cases, the larger number of topics in the Latin letters was accounted for by the presence of topics not related to financial reporting per se, such as regional political or economic issues. U.S. letters had an average of 1,760 words, whereas the mean for the Latin letters was 1,232 words, a difference of more than 500 words.

The Latin American letters contained more paragraphs 79.1 compared with the U.S. average of 40.9 and a greater number of sentences per paragraphs 3.81 sentences compared with 3.4 in the U.S. group. Thus, although the U.S. letters were longer, the shorter Latin American letters covered a greater number of topics. The Latin American letters also had higher readability scores than their U.S. counterparts, suggesting that although the language was more formal and complex in the Latin letters, it was also structured in a way that could appeal to a broad range of potential readers.

3.3.4 China

The regulations about reporting practices and information disclosure to investors came quite late in China, owing to commencement of trade during the 1990s in China (Gao, 2011; Cen et al., 2013). There was not a lot of study conducted in terms of presence of impression management techniques in the way Chinese chairpersons communicated with the stakeholders until, Zilan Cen