Laboratory Report: Investigation of Phase Changes in Water

This laboratory explores the phase changes of water at different temperatures, focusing on the transition from ice to water and further to a gaseous state. Through experimental observations and data analysis, we aim to understand the energy requirements and molecular behavior during these transitions.

Water undergoes phase changes at different temperatures, transitioning from solid (ice) to liquid (water) and eventually to gas (water vapor). This phenomenon involves the absorption or release of heat energy, influencing the molecular arrangement and behavior. This lab investigates the transition of water from ice to a slushy mixture and finally to water, with a focus on the associated temperature changes and energy requirements.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Initial Conditions:

• Water in its solid state at -5 degrees Celsius.
• Observing molecular vibrations in the ice phase.

2. Phase Change Observation:

• Referring to the provided graph (Figure 1), identify the points (2a and 2b) where water transitions from ice to a slushy mixture and then to water.
• Note the time taken for each phase change.
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3. Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization:

• Define the heat of fusion as the energy required to change one kilogram of ice to water.
• Define the heat of vaporization as the energy needed to change one kilogram of water to water vapor.
• Utilize the following values for water:
  • Heat of fusion (Hf) = 3.35x10^5 joules/kilograms
  • Heat of vaporization (Hv) = 2.26x10^6 joules/kilograms

4. Temperature and Phase Changes:

• Observe the temperature changes during the phase transitions.
• Analyze the graph to identify flat stretches representing phase changes.
• Explain the relationship between temperature, phase changes, and energy absorption.
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5. Energy Calculation:

• Calculate the total energy absorbed during the phase changes using the formula:
  • Energy (Q) = mass (m) × specific heat capacity (c) × temperature change (ΔT)
• Utilize the given values for heat of fusion and heat of vaporization.

6. Specific Heat Capacity:

• Explore the specific heat capacity of water and ice.
• Compare the energy required to raise the temperature of water and ice by 1 degree Celsius.

7. Molecular Behavior:

• Discuss the molecular behavior during each phase, focusing on vibrations, movement, and attraction.
• Relate molecular behavior to the observed phase changes.

8. Energy Requirements:

• Analyze why more energy is needed to convert water to a gas compared to converting ice to water.
• Relate the concept to the specific heat capacity of water and ice.

This laboratory investigation provides insights into the phase changes of water, emphasizing the molecular behavior and energy requirements during transitions from ice to water and water to vapor. Understanding these phenomena is crucial in various scientific and industrial applications.

Include any references or sources consulted during the research and analysis.