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The main objective of this lab was to identify two unknown organic compounds, one solid and one liquid, using various methods including melting point (M.P), boiling point (B.P), Infrared spectroscopy (I.R), elemental analysis, and the determination of the Index of Hydrogen deficiency (IHD). The physical properties of the compounds, such as color, odor, melting point, and boiling point, were also examined to gain insight into their characteristics.
Identification of unknown organic compounds is a fundamental task in chemistry.
It is crucial to determine the composition, structure, and functional groups present in these compounds. In this lab, we employed several techniques to achieve this goal, including melting point and boiling point determination, Infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and calculation of the Index of Hydrogen deficiency (IHD).
The functional group of a compound can be determined using Infrared spectroscopy, which provides a spectra based on the chemical bonds present in the compound. The Index of Hydrogen deficiency (IHD) helps determine the degree of saturation in a compound, indicating the presence of double bonds, triple bonds, or rings.
Elemental analysis is a powerful method for determining the molecular formula of a compound by analyzing its elemental composition.
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Additionally, the boiling point and melting point of a compound are crucial physical properties that can confirm its hypothetical structure.
The following equipment and materials were used in the experiment:
| Equipment and Materials | Quantity |
|---|---|
| Electric melting point apparatus | 1 |
| Mini scale setup (heating mantle, test tube, thermometer) | 1 |
| NICOLET iS5 FT infrared spectrometer | 1 |
| Capillary tubes | Multiple |
| Acetone | As needed |
Two unknown organic compounds, one solid and one liquid, were provided for analysis.
The following procedures were performed:
The results of the analysis are summarized in the following table:
| Compound | Empirical Formula | IHD | Experimental Melting Point (°C) | Reference Melting Point (°C) | Experimental Boiling Point (°C) | Reference Boiling Point (°C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solid | C7H6O2 | 5 (4 double bonds, 1 ring) | 116.7 | 122.41 | N/A | N/A |
| Liquid | C5H10O | 1 (1 ring or double bond) | N/A | N/A | 95 | 101 |
The empirical formula of the solid compound obtained from elemental analysis and composition was determined to be C7H6O2. The calculated Index of Hydrogen deficiency (IHD) for this compound was 5, indicating the presence of 4 double bonds and 1 ring. The experimental melting point of the solid compound was 116.7°C, which was close to the reference value of 122.41°C. Any discrepancies could be attributed to impurities in the sample container.
The liquid compound was found to have an empirical formula of C5H10O. The calculated IHD for this compound was 1, suggesting the presence of either 1 ring or a double bond. Experimentally, the boiling point of the liquid compound (2-Pentanone or acetone) was determined to be 95°C, while the reference value was 101°C. The difference in boiling point could be attributed to impurities in the test tube.
The results of the analysis indicate that the solid compound is likely benzoic acid (C7H6O2) due to its empirical formula and IHD of 5. The experimental melting point was in good agreement with the reference value, confirming the identity of the compound. Any variation in the melting point may be attributed to impurities in the sample.
For the liquid compound, the empirical formula C5H10O and an IHD of 1 suggested the presence of either a ring or a double bond. The strong smell and the similarity of the IR spectra to 2-Pentanone indicated that the compound was indeed 2-Pentanone. The experimental boiling point was slightly lower than the reference value, which may be due to impurities in the test tube.
In this lab, two unknown organic compounds, one solid and one liquid, were successfully identified using various techniques, including melting point, boiling point, Infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and the determination of the Index of Hydrogen deficiency (IHD). The solid compound was determined to be benzoic acid (C7H6O2), while the liquid compound was identified as 2-Pentanone (C5H10O).
The experimental results for the melting and boiling points were consistent with the reference values, with minor discrepancies that could be attributed to impurities in the samples. Overall, the identification of these unknown compounds demonstrates the importance of various analytical techniques in organic chemistry.
For future experiments of this nature, it is essential to ensure the cleanliness and purity of equipment and containers to minimize potential sources of error. Additionally, repeating the experiments with different batches of the unknown compounds and comparing the results can provide more confidence in the identification process.
Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds: Experiment Report. (2016, May 27). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/document/identification-of-unknown-organic-compound-by-experiment
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