Convergence of CPS, AI, and Smart Sensors in Industry 4.0

Cyber physical system (CPS) is one of the most significant advances in the development of computer science and ICT.CPS is referred to as a networked system in which the cyber or computational part is tightly integrated with the physical components.Whereby, the cyber components sense the state of the system and environment and then provide continuous feedback for controlling the system and actuating on the environment sensors.For instance, CPS uses multiple sensors such as touch sensors, light sensors, and force sensors, etc.

This makes CPS be very different from just an embedded system. The recent development of CPS is called the mobile CPS that take advantage of and extend the application domains of CPS.

While, with the move to industry 4.0, the need to protect critical industrial systems, manufacturing lines and other CPS application frameworks from cyber security threats is increasing dramatically. Consequently, secure, reliable communications as well as sophisticated identity and access management of machines and users are very essential.

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In another view, the need to strengthen the connection of the physical, the service and the digital world is also increasing so that improved quality information required for planning,optimization and operation of manufacturing systems can be achieved.Furthermore, CPS will be integrated with other technology such as internet of things, cloud computing, etc.to form new smart CPS that will bring virtual and physical worlds together and enable a networked world where intelligent or smart objects can properly and rapidly communicate andArtificial intelligence, commonly known as AI or machine intelligence, is the programmed reasoning and thinking skills applied to machines to imitate human or animal intelligence.

There has been no universally accepted definition of AI.However, the mostly commonly used definition as adopted from computer science discipline is that; AI is the design and implementation of intelligent agents whereby agents here, referred to asunits that senses the environment and makes decisions based on the response from the environment.Generally, AI is the overall term for technologies used to build intelligent systems, no matter whether utilized in an industrial or private environment.In the recent years, AI has been applied in complex operations such like drilling fluid and underground mining.

In underground mine, AI has been majorly used for positioning and navigation platform, information-acquisition and communication platform, and scheduling and control platform. AI has also been applied in the manufacturing system to monitor the defect, detection of faults, and predicting of future needs. The emerging AI applications that are currently shaping the industry 4.0 journey include machines understanding human speech and face recognition, competing in strategic game systems, driving cars autonomously, orIn the industry 4.0 journeys, the development of AI will be directed towards integration of AI technology with other technologies such as Big data, Cloud computing, etc.to perform gigantic tasks and to widen their application in all fields.For instance, the recent research shows that AI can be properly applied to handle infectious diseases big data analytics in healthcare sectors.

AI technologies include machine learning and knowledge-based systems which consists of the following techniques; artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, support vector machines, hybrid intelligent systems, genetic or evolutionary algorithms, case-based reasoning, particle swarm algorithms, Ant colony algorithms and many others.The main companies AI development include; Google, SpaceX, Apple, GE and Microsoft . In the recent years, varieties of smart sensors have been developed to meet the need of industry 4.0. These sensors are being used to make many smart devices or objects such as smart dust, smart camera, smart phone, smart home and many others.Smart sensors are sensors with integrated electronics that can perform functions such as logic functions, two-way communication and decision making [160]. Sensors have been mainly used as monitoring device in different fields of applications.

For instance, flood and water level monitoring, Gas monitoring, environmental monitoring, structural health monitoring, energy saving in artificial lighting, remote system monitoring and equipment fault diagnostics andWith the move to industry 4.0, these smart sensors will be used as an integral to the IoT system.More so, the development of new smart sensors will continue to meet the industry 4.0 requirements.Smart home, smart cities and smart grids are now available because of the varieties of installed smart sensors such as temperature sensor, proximity sensor, optical sensors, pressure sensors, ultrasonic.