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Brain Drain refers to the emigration of human capital from a home country to a foreign country. Over the last few decades, there has been a significant increase in the rate of brain drain. This phenomenon is driven by various factors such as unemployment, lack of government support, inadequate facilities in the home country, and the desire for a better urban life. When skilled individuals migrate, it can result in a loss for the home country if they do not return.
The term 'brain-drain migration' gained popularity in the 1960s, particularly with the loss of skilled labor from several poor countries, including India.
The migration of skilled workers out of a country is a critical issue. It involves the emigration of a significant proportion of a country's highly skilled, highly educated professional population, usually to other countries offering better economic and social opportunities. For instance, physicians may leave a developing country to practice medicine in a developed country. This permanent migration of a skilled group of the population from one country to another is a long-term phenomenon and leads to the depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel.
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“ She followed all my directions. It was really easy to contact her and respond very fast as well. ”
A brain drain, also known as human capital flight, occurs when trained and talented individuals, often referred to as "human capital," emigrate to other nations or jurisdictions due to conflicts, lack of opportunity, or health hazards in their home region. This phenomenon can be compared to "capital flight," which refers to the movement of financial capital away from the country where its owner earned it.
The term "brain drain" was coined by spokesmen for the Royal Society of London to describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to Canada and the United States in the early 1950s when individuals educated in their home country emigrated for higher wages or better opportunities, draining more resources from their home country.
UNESCO defines "brain drain" as an asymmetric form of scientific exchange among states, characterized by a movement primarily from less developed countries to developed countries. Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field to another, usually in pursuit of better pay or living conditions.
The problem under investigation is the emigration of a significant proportion of a country's highly skilled, highly educated professional population, usually to other countries offering better economic and social opportunities. This phenomenon is commonly known as brain drain.
The objective of this report is to conduct research on the topic of "BRAIN DRAIN" to gain insights into the increasing rate of brain drain in various countries. Specifically, we aim to:
We are also aware that in Pakistan, close to 36,000 professionals, including doctors, engineers, and teachers, have migrated to other countries in the last 30 years, according to official estimates from Pakistan's Overseas Employment Corporation. However, this number likely represents only a small proportion of actual migration, as the majority of emigrants do not register.
If countries are serious about addressing brain drain, they must provide better job opportunities that properly remunerate workers based on their skills and talents. Otherwise, they will continue to lose skilled labor to countries where benefits and opportunities are more abundant, and a merit-based system is in place. In this report, we follow a structured research process to provide a solid foundation for our project.
This study primarily involves collecting feedback on BRAIN DRAINING from students. The major part of our research focuses on data collection through a structured questionnaire distributed among students in different cities. The data collection process includes:
We will analyze this data to gain insights into the perspectives and experiences of students regarding brain drain.
By: Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah, Institute for Public Policy Research
Brain drain is primarily caused by the migration of skilled workers from developing countries to developed ones. This phenomenon has led to a growing poverty rate in developing countries, making it imperative to address the reasons behind this migration as it significantly affects the economic condition of these nations.
Despite the negative connotations of brain drain, there are some positive aspects to consider:
Other impacts to consider include remittances, inward investment, technology transfer, and increased trade flows.
According to the IMF, the migration rate of individuals with tertiary education is 7.6% for Pakistan to EDC countries, compared to 2.7% for India. However, these figures do not account for professionals moving to countries like Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE, which contributes significantly to brain drain from source countries.
Another important implication is that investment in education in developing countries may not lead to faster economic growth if a large number of highly educated people leave. Efforts to reduce skill shortages through improved education may prove futile unless measures are taken to offset incentives for emigration.
Zahlan's analysis reveals that the migration of High-Level Manpower (HLM) has been estimated at around 100,000 annually, with a shift towards Europe and the USA from the third world since the late 1970s and 1980s.
Publication: Public Personnel Management
Methodology: This study relies on relevant literature reviews, interviews with concerned individuals, and the author's own experiences. It draws upon cases from Pakistan to illustrate arguments related to brain drain.
History: Early instances of brain drain towards Europe occurred during the Second World War.
Brain drain cannot be entirely prevented, as individuals have the right to move from one country to another. Some industrialized countries like America and Canada tend to have more restrictive immigration policies, but the case of Pakistan is similar, with a substantial number of highly qualified professionals leaving the country. Major causes of brain drain include opportunities for travel and better prospects, as Pakistan often struggles to match the pays and perks offered by industrialized nations.
To mitigate brain drain, the government should create optimal advancement opportunities and improve law and order situations. Establishing a national talent pool of professionals, similar to what developed countries have, can also help address brain drain in Pakistan.
Writer Name: William J. Carrington and Enrica Detragiache
Methodology: This study is based on analyzing the causes of migration from 61 developing countries, accounting for approximately 70% of the total population of developing nations.
By using census data from 1990 in the United States, the authors identify the number of immigrants from each of these categories:
Most immigrants from Africa are highly educated, with about 95,000 out of 128,000 being African immigrants. The largest source of highly educated people is the Philippines, with 730,000 immigrants, followed by China with 40,000 immigrants.
The results derived for the United States remain essentially valid. The research also indicates several ways to improve estimates of brain drain using existing data. Together with the United States, Australia, Canada, France, and Germany, these four countries account for about 93% of total migratory flows to OECD countries.
Author: Andrew Mountford
Methodology: This study examines the impact of brain drain on developing economies by analyzing the effects of migration when agents are not homogeneous.
Andrew Mountford's study explores the impact of brain drain on developing economies. It focuses on the effects of migration when agents are not homogeneous. In this context, large economies attract the most able workers from smaller economies, creating productivity externalities that depend on the number of educated individuals. Brain drain is shown to reduce productivity in the original country.
The study categorizes immigration into two groups:
It becomes clear that the effects of brain drain have a significant impact on economic growth, and growth is closely related to the literature on human capital accumulation.
The study's model suggests that wage per efficiency unit of labor in the world economy is consistently higher than in smaller economy areas. When educated workers migrate to other nations, they contribute to the economy of their destination country. This results in a rise in the contribution margin of development. In certain circumstances, a brain drain, whether temporary or permanent, may increase long-run income levels and income equality in a small open economy. It might even be preferable to non-selective "general" emigration.
Authors: Tikki Pang (Director, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland), Mary Ann Lansang (Executive Director, NCLEN Trust, Manila, Philippines), Andy Haines (Dean, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT)
Introduction: The problem of migration of medical specialists from developing countries to developed countries is on the rise. Various factors influence this situation, both on a national and personal level.
Methodology: This study investigates the problem of brain drain in medical professions and proposes potential solutions. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of factors contributing to the migration of medical specialists from developing to developed countries.
The study identifies several key factors contributing to the brain drain in the medical field:
To address these issues and mitigate brain drain in the medical field, the study proposes several solutions:
Authors: Nancy Gore Saravia and Juan Francisco Miranda
Introduction: Brain drain is primarily caused by opportunities for better jobs and higher education available in developed countries, attracting individuals from around the world. The knowledge-intensive service industries and research centers play a significant role in this phenomenon, with sectors such as information, communication, finance, business, education, and health drawing in talented individuals through selective immigration policies, employment opportunities, and targeted recruitment.
Methodology: This article explores strategies to control brain drain, focusing on initiatives aimed at retaining talent within developing countries. The research methodology involves a review of successful strategies implemented by countries like Brazil, China, and India to counteract brain drain and promote "Brain Recirculation." The study analyzes various approaches and policies adopted by these nations.
The findings of this study highlight successful strategies and policies that have been effective in mitigating the brain drain issue:
Additionally, this article introduces the concept of "Brain Recirculation," which is the process of refilling deficits in human resources in industrialized countries like Canada and Australia. It emphasizes that demand for higher education from developed countries intensifies brain drain, particularly among individuals aged 15 to 45. To address these challenges, developing countries need to implement strategies that focus on retaining talent and fostering local growth and development.
In this comprehensive literature review, we have examined a range of articles and studies that shed light on the complex issue of brain drain. Brain drain, characterized by the emigration of skilled individuals from developing countries to developed nations, has far-reaching consequences on both the countries of origin and the recipient countries. It affects various professional sectors, including medicine, education, and technology.
Our review has revealed that while brain drain poses significant challenges, it also presents certain positive aspects, such as the potential for skill enhancement and exposure for those who migrate. However, the negative impacts on the source countries, including the loss of highly educated professionals, hindered economic growth, and perpetuated disparities, cannot be underestimated.
The articles we have examined offer valuable insights into the methodologies for understanding and addressing brain drain. Strategies such as improving working conditions, increasing wages, and providing employment opportunities have been proposed as potential solutions. Additionally, the concept of "Brain Recirculation" has been introduced as a means to refill human resource deficits in developed countries.
Overall, the literature emphasizes the importance of balanced policies and international cooperation to mitigate brain drain's adverse effects while promoting equitable opportunities for skilled individuals. The issue of brain drain is multi-faceted and requires comprehensive approaches that consider the interests of both source and recipient countries, as well as the global community.
To gauge the public's knowledge of brain drain (the loss of human capital from one's home country), we administered a questionnaire to a purposive sample of students. Researchers personally conducted interviews in various cities across Pakistan. Data collection occurred over one month during regular working hours (9 AM to 5 PM). Out of the 200 students contacted in various universities, 150 usable questionnaires were obtained. This questionnaire was instrumental in acquiring primary data from respondents and ensuring their familiarity with the concept of brain drain.
This research adopts a fundamental research approach, classified as Basic Research. It aims to expand knowledge rather than directly solve practical issues. As our research focuses on the phenomenon of brain draining, it aligns with the fundamental research category.
The study's population consisted of 150 students from different universities, including The University of Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Gift University Gujranwala, and GC University Lahore. Researchers employed the cluster sampling technique based on geographic areas. This approach created two clusters: one in Gujranwala and the other in Lahore, encompassing The University of Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Gift University Gujranwala, and GC University Lahore.
The study examined multiple variables related to brain drain:
The relationships between these variables were categorized as follows:
Hypotheses were formulated to test the conjectured relationships between variables. Three formats of hypotheses were used:
Data analysis involves several crucial steps, including data editing, handling blank responses, data coding, categorization, and data entry.
Editing is a vital process that serves the following purposes:
Editing is an ongoing process in research projects, allowing incomplete items to be completed. There are two main types of editing:
Blank responses occur when respondents intentionally do not provide answers to specific inquiries.
Data coding involves converting qualitative information into a quantitative form. After analysis, the data is often converted back into qualitative form to derive findings and recommendations.
Categorization involves organizing variables, ensuring that items measuring a concept are grouped together.
The following section presents the analysis and interpretation of data collected to assess the level of students' knowledge about Brain Drain in Lahore and Gujranwala. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 150 students across various regions of Pakistan, employing cluster sampling techniques.
After data collection, it was presented using bar charts and analyzed using frequency analysis, simple percentages, mean values, and more.
Data collection and analysis are essential components of any research project. Data collection gathers information from respondents, while data analysis helps researchers derive findings and assess whether they align with the study's objectives. Recommendations for improvement can be made based on these findings.
| Age Group | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Below 20 | 17 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 |
| 20-25 | 106 | 71.6 | 71.6 | 83.1 |
| 26-30 | 16 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 93.9 |
| Above 30 | 9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
The majority of respondents (71.6%) fall into the age range of 20-25 years.
| Gender | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 84 | 56.8 | 56.8 | 56.8 |
| Female | 64 | 43.2 | 43.2 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
A higher number of male respondents (56.8%) participated in the survey.
| Occupation | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Student | 125 | 84.5 | 84.5 | 84.5 |
| Salaried Person | 13 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 93.2 |
| Businessman | 5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 96.6 |
| Others | 5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
The majority of respondents (84.5%) identified as students, while others included salaried individuals, businessmen, and those with other occupations.
| Marital Status | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single | 124 | 83.8 | 83.8 | 83.8 |
| Married | 24 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
The majority of respondents (83.8%) reported being single, while 16.2% were married.
| Response | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strongly Agree | 58 | 39.2 | 39.2 | 39.2 |
| Agree | 30 | 20.3 | 20.3 | 59.5 |
| Neutral | 25 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 76.4 |
| Disagree | 17 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 87.8 |
| Strongly Disagree | 18 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
A significant number of respondents (39.2%) strongly agreed that the continuous outflow of educated workers causes skill shortage in their home country.
| Response | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | 98 | 66.2 | 66.2 | 66.2 |
| No | 13 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 75.0 |
| I Think So | 29 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 94.6 |
| I Don't Know | 8 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
A majority of respondents (66.2%) believed that brain drain is a loss for their home country, while others had varying opinions on the matter.
| Reason | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Desire for Better Urban Life | 55 | 37.2 | 37.2 | 37.2 |
| Higher Qualification | 21 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 51.4 |
| Trend | 17 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 62.8 |
| Unemployment | 55 | 37.2 | 37.2 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Desire for better urban life and unemployment were cited as the strongest reasons for brain drain, with 37.2% of respondents agreeing with each of these factors.
| Response | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strongly Agree | 54 | 36.5 | 36.5 | 36.5 |
| Agree | 41 | 27.7 | 27.7 | 64.2 |
| Neutral | 25 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 81.1 |
| Disagree | 12 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 89.2 |
| Strongly Disagree | 16 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Respondents had mixed opinions about whether unemployment decreases the commitment level of people towards their country, with 36.5% strongly agreeing and 27.7% agreeing with this statement.
| Response | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | 91 | 61.5 | 61.5 | 61.5 |
| To Some Extent | 45 | 30.4 | 30.4 | 91.9 |
| No | 4 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 94.6 |
| Not At All | 8 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
91 respondents agreed that lack of government support results in human capital flight to countries where benefits and opportunities are plentiful. 45 respondents agreed to some extent, 4 disagreed, and 8 strongly disagreed with this statement.
| Response | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strongly Agree | 48 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 32.4 |
| Agree | 52 | 35.1 | 35.1 | 67.6 |
| Neutral | 27 | 18.2 | 18.2 | 85.8 |
| Disagree | 10 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 92.6 |
| Strongly Disagree | 11 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Limited job opportunities are considered a driving force toward brain draining, with 32.4% strongly agreeing and 35.1% agreeing with this statement.
| Response | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strongly Agree | 96 | 64.9 | 64.9 | 64.9 |
| Agree | 6 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 68.9 |
| Neutral | 21 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 83.1 |
| Disagree | 9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 89.2 |
| Strongly Disagree | 16 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Modern educational system and better opportunities for higher qualifications in foreign countries are considered the main reasons for brain drain, with 64.9% strongly agreeing with this statement.
| Response | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0% | 5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
| 1-25% | 24 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 19.6 |
| 26-50% | 31 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 40.5 |
| 51-75% | 60 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 81.1 |
| 76-99% | 17 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 92.6 |
| 100% | 11 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 100.0 |
| Total | 148 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Among the 148 respondents, 40.5% believe there is a 51-75% probability that if highly educated and skilled people lead their own country, poverty and corruption would be eradicated.
| Variable | N | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 148 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 2.1149 | .6754 |
| Gender | 148 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.4324 | .4971 |
| Occupation | 148 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 1.2568 | .6814 |
| Marital Status | 148 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.1622 | .3699 |
| Continuous outflow of educated workers cause skill shortage in home country | 148 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.3716 | 1.4107 |
| Do you think brain drain is a loss for the home country? | 148 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 1.6419 | .9760 |
| Indicate which one of these is the biggest reason for brain drain | 148 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 2.4865 | 1.3222 |
| Unemployment decreases the commitment level of people towards their country | 148 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.2905 | 1.3261 |
| Lack of Govt. support results in human capital flight to countries where benefits and opportunities are plentiful | 148 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 1.5203 | .7951 |
| Limited job opportunities are driving force toward brain draining | 148 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.2162 | 1.1869 |
| Brain Draining has an inverse relationship with patriotism | 148 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.7838 | 1.4594 |
| Do you think brain drain may depend on the individual's own will, means to say his or her commitment | 148 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 1.6959 | .8052 |
| Modern educational system and better opportunity for higher qualification in foreign countries is the main reason for brain drain | 148 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 1.9392 | 1.4201 |
| What is the probability that if highly educated and skilled people lead their own country, poverty and corruption are eradicated? | 148 | 1.00 | 6.00 | 3.6284 | 1.2025 |
| If you get a chance to settle abroad, which country would you want to prefer? | 148 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.2162 | 1.4264 |
| If you get a chance to settle abroad, what would be the reason behind it? | 148 | 1.00 | 6.00 | 3.2770 | 1.8802 |
| If you are provided an ideal life abroad, will you leave your home country? | 148 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.1216 | 1.5689 |
| Valid N (listwise) | 148 |
| Variable | Continuous outflow of educated workers cause skill shortage in home country | Do you think brain drain is a loss for home country? | Indicate which one of these is the biggest reason for brain drain | Unemployment decreases the commitment level of people towards their country | Lack of Govt. support results in human capital flight to countries where benefits and opportunities are plentiful | Limited job opportunities are driving force toward brain draining | Brain Draining has an inverse relationship with patriotism | Do you think brain drain may depend on the individual's own will, means to say his or her own commitment | Modern educational system and better opportunity for higher qualification in foreign countries is the main reason for brain drain | What is the probability that if highly educated and skilled people lead their own country, poverty and corruption are eradicated? | If you get a chance to settle abroad, which country would you want to prefer? | If you get a chance to settle abroad, what would be the reason behind it? | If you are provided an ideal life abroad, will you leave your home country? | Are you satisfied with the present rate of Brain Draining? | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous outflow of educated workers cause skill shortage in home country | 1.000 | .191(*) | -.178(*) | .349(**) | .027 | .342(**) | .145 | .046 | .062 | -.058 | -.121 | .043 | -.039 | .022 | |
| Do you think brain drain is a loss for home country? | .191(*) | 1.000 | -.001 | .018 | .172(*) | .150 | .084 | .181(*) | -.016 | -.091 | -.022 | -.094 | -.127 | -.012 | |
| Indicate which one of these is the biggest reason for brain drain | -.178(*) | -.001 | 1.000 | -.015 | -.113 | -.050 | .041 | .038 | -.122 | .093 | .088 | .008 | .093 | -.140 | |
| Unemployment decreases the commitment level of people towards their country | .349(**) | .018 | -.015 | 1.000 | -.035 | .344(**) | .289(**) | -.082 | .118 | -.009 | -.231(**) | -.174(*) | .048 | -.154 | |
| Lack of Govt. support results in human capital flight to countries where benefits and opportunities are plentiful | .027 | .172(*) | -.113 | -.035 | 1.000 | .219(**) | .086 | .185(*) | .143 | -.102 | -.016 | .121 | -.018 | .122 | |
| Limited job opportunities are driving force toward brain draining | .342(**) | .150 | -.050 | .344(**) | .219(**) | 1.000 | .290(**) | .098 | .185(*) | -.158 | -.116 | -.003 | .030 | -.165(*) | |
| Brain Draining has an inverse relationship with patriotism | .145 | .084 | .041 | .289(**) | .086 | .290(**) | 1.000 | .059 | .266(**) | -.023 | -.102 | -.052 | -.018 | -.100 | |
| Do you think brain drain may depend on the individual's own will, means to say his or her own commitment | .046 | .181(*) | .038 | -.082 | .185(*) | .098 | .059 | 1.000 | .144 | -.089 | -.085 | .025 | -.008 | .000 | |
| Modern educational system and better opportunity for higher qualification in foreign countries is the main reason for brain drain | .062 | -.016 | -.122 | .118 | .143 | .185(*) | .266(**) | .144 | 1.000 | -.001 | -.010 | -.027 | .089 | .004 | |
| What is the probability that if highly educated and skilled people lead their own country, poverty and corruption are eradicated? | -.058 | -.091 | .093 | -.009 | -.102 | -.158 | -.023 | -.089 | -.001 | 1.000 | .123 | .109 | .049 | .064 | |
| If you get a chance to settle abroad, which country would you want to prefer? | -.121 | -.022 | .088 | -.231(**) | -.016 | -.116 | -.102 | -.085 | -.010 | .123 | 1.000 | .452(**) | .377(**) | .015 | |
| If you get a chance to settle abroad, what would be the reason behind it? | .043 | -.094 | .008 | -.174(*) | .121 | -.003 | -.052 | .025 | -.027 | .109 | .452(**) | 1.000 | .358(**) | -.012 | |
| If you are provided an ideal life abroad, will you leave your home country? | -.039 | -.127 | .093 | .048 | -.018 | .030 | -.018 | -.008 | .089 | .049 | .377(**) | .358(**) | 1.000 | -.021 | |
| Are you satisfied with the present rate of Brain Draining? | .022 | -.012 | -.140 | -.154 | .122 | -.165(*) | -.100 | .000 | .004 | .064 | .015 | -.012 | -.021 | 1.000 |
This table displays the correlation coefficients between the variables in your dataset. Significant correlations at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) are marked with a single asterisk (*), and correlations at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) are marked with double asterisks (**).
Continuous outflow of skilled people has a weak positive relationship with loss for the home country (0.19).
Unemployment decreasing commitment level is strongly positively related to the loss for the home country (0.892).
High qualification has a weak positive relationship with the ideal life abroad (0.283).
Lack of Government support has a weak negative relationship with skilled people leading their country, resulting in poverty and corruption eradication (-0.102).
| Statistic | Value |
|---|---|
| N (Sample Size) | 148 |
| Mean | 1.4324 |
| Standard Deviation | 0.4971 |
| Std. Error Mean | 4.086E-02 |
| Test Value | t | df | Sig. (2-tailed) | Mean Difference | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 35.056 | 147 | 0.000 | 1.4324 | 1.3517 - 1.5132 |
| Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.041 | 3 | 0.347 | 0.217 | 0.885 |
| Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.559 | 4 | 0.140 | 0.295 | 0.881 |
| Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.135 | 1 | 0.135 | 0.085 | 0.771 |
Interpretation: The significance level for Age (88.5%) and Occupation (88.1%) indicates that our proposed hypotheses are accepted. However, for Marital Status (77.1%), the proposed hypothesis is rejected.
In this report, we conducted the research process under the topic of “BRAIN DRAIN”. We completed the eight steps of the research process. We started our study with observation and gathered data about different causes, effects, brain drain in different countries, remedies, etc., with the help of literature survey using the internet. After that, we identified different variables in the step of the theoretical framework, formed hypotheses. We completed the scientific research process to give our project a solid base and logical pattern.
Then we performed the step of data analysis. For this purpose, we used a standard questionnaire that is prepared under the supervision of Prof. Rizwan and analyzed the different variables relevant to our topic. In this analysis, we defined the central tendency and correlation among the variables. At the end, some valuable findings and recommendations are given by our group.
Brain Drain Reseacrh Report: Causes, Effects, and Recommendations for Pakistan. (2016, Apr 05). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/document/report-on-brain-drain-in-pakistan
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