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Solvation, the process of dissolving, involves disrupting and reestablishing attractive forces between solute and solvent particles. Solubility, defined as the solute amount that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a given temperature, adheres to the principle of "like dissolves like." This implies that polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, and nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Numerous factors, such as the nature/polarity of compounds, temperature, molecular weight, compound structure, acidity/basicity, and intermolecular forces, influence solubility. The overall pressure also plays a role in solute dissolution.
By the experiment's conclusion, students aim to determine the solubility, acidity, and basicity of various organic compounds, including alanine, aniline, benzamide, benzoic acid, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, ethylacetate, hexane, E-/α-naphthol, dimethylamine, phenol, salicylic acid, and sulfanilic acid. Understanding compound solubility is crucial for identifying and analyzing unknowns in laboratories, providing essential information about a compound's structural composition, particularly in Organic Chemistry, and enhancing comprehension for future experiments and studies.
Following the provided solubility diagram and results table, students classified the solubility of sample solutes, using water, ether, litmus (to assess acidity/basicity), 5% NaOH, 5% NaHCO3, 5% HCl, and concentrated H2SO4 as solvents.
One drop of liquid or 5mg of powdered solid sample dissolved in 0.2mL solvent was used for the solubility tests conducted in 5mL test tubes.
Various solvents play distinct roles in classifying the solubility of organic compounds, including water, ether, sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid. Water categorizes compounds as soluble if polar and insoluble if otherwise. Ether classifies compounds into acidic, basic, or neutral categories.
Sodium hydroxide identifies soluble compounds as acids, while sodium bicarbonate distinguishes strong and weak acids. Hydrochloric acid categorizes compounds as bases, and sulfuric acid classifies them as either neutral or inert. Organic compounds are thus grouped into ten categories based on their solubility characteristics:
Table 1: Solubility of Different Solutes and Solvents
Water |
Ether |
Litmus |
5% NaOH |
5% NaHCO3 |
5% HCl |
Conc. H2SO4 |
|
Alanine |
insoluble |
insoluble |
B to R |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
Aniline |
insoluble |
soluble |
B to R |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
soluble |
Benzoic acid |
insoluble |
slightly soluble |
same |
slightly soluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
Chlorobenzene |
insoluble |
insoluble |
same |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
Cyclohexane |
insoluble |
soluble |
same |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
Ethylacetate |
insoluble |
soluble |
same |
insoluble |
soluble |
soluble |
soluble |
Hexane |
insoluble |
insoluble |
B to R |
insoluble |
soluble |
soluble |
insoluble |
E-/α-napththol |
insoluble |
soluble |
same |
slightly soluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
slightly soluble |
Dimethylamine |
insoluble |
insoluble |
same |
insoluble |
soluble |
soluble |
evolution of gas |
Phenol |
slightly soluble |
soluble |
B to R |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
Salicylic acid |
slightly soluble |
slightly soluble |
B to R |
slightly soluble |
soluble |
insoluble |
soluble |
Sulfanilic acid |
slightly soluble |
insoluble |
B to R |
slightly soluble |
slightly soluble |
insoluble |
insoluble |
Solvation, the process of dissolving, involves the disruption and reestablishment of attractive forces between solute and solvent particles. Solubility, the amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a given temperature, follows the "like dissolves like" principle, where polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and nonpolar solutes in nonpolar solvents. This experiment aims to classify the solubility of various organic compounds, considering factors like polarity, molecular weight, structure, acidity, and basicity.
The solubility tests were conducted using water, ether, litmus, 5% NaOH, 5% NaHCO3, 5% HCl, and concentrated H2SO4 as solvents. Liquid samples or 5mg of powdered solid samples were dissolved in 0.2mL of the respective solvents in 5mL test tubes.
Results and Discussion
Table 2: Solubility Classification
Compound solubility is influenced by factors like polarity, molecular weight, structure, intermolecular forces, acidity, and basicity. The "like dissolves like" principle governs solvation, indicating higher solubility between polar solutes and solvents or nonpolar solutes and solvents.
It is crucial for students to handle reagents carefully to prevent contamination, ensuring accurate and reliable results.
Solving Solubility: Experimental Insights into Organic Compound Behavior. (2024, Feb 27). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/document/solving-solubility-experimental-insights-into-organic-compound-behavior
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