Rewriting the Essay on Water Density Measurement

Abstract

This study focuses on the determination of water's density, a critical intensive physical characteristic of matter, by measuring its mass and volume using two distinct approaches. Our findings underscore that water's density approximates 0.997 g/mL at ambient conditions and remains unchanged across varying quantities. Additionally, linear regression analysis of mass versus volume data from both methodologies reinforces the direct proportionality between water's mass and volume.

Introduction

Density, an essential physical attribute, quantifies the mass of a substance per unit volume.

For a specific entity, density is the quotient of mass over volume. Being an intensive property, density remains unaffected by the sample size. The literature, specifically the "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" (p.F4), cites water's density as 0.997 g/mL at standard room temperature. This experimental investigation aims to validate the aforementioned density value through empirical measurement of water's mass and volume. Furthermore, it seeks to affirm the direct correlation between the mass and volume of water.

Materials and Methods

The experimental design employed two distinct methodologies, each executed thrice, to quantify water's density:

Method I:

• A 25 mL graduated cylinder
• A 100 mL beaker
• An electrical balance with 0,001g precision

Method II:

• A 10 mL graduated pipette
• A 50 mL graduated cylinder
• An electrical balance with 0,001g precision

IV. Experimental Procedures

Procedure for Method I:

1. A 100 mL beaker was zeroed on the electrical balance.
2. 25 mL of water was measured using a clean 25 mL graduated cylinder.
3. The water was then transferred to the beaker, and its mass recorded.
4. The procedure was repeated for 50 mL and 75 mL water volumes.
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Procedure for Method II:

1. A 50 mL beaker was zeroed on the electrical balance.
2. 10 mL of water was measured with a clean 10 mL graduated pipette.
3. The water was transferred to the beaker, and its mass recorded.
4. The process was replicated for 20 mL and 30 mL water volumes.

Results

Method I Outcomes

The average density obtained from Method I was 0.986 g/mL, with a standard deviation between trials of 0.002 g/mL, indicating a 0.2% variation among trials. The linear regression of mass against volume yielded a slope of 0.989 g/mL, with an R² value of 1, highlighting a direct and consistent correlation.

Table 1. 0, 25, 50, 75mL of water and their respective mass measured from Method I

Method II Outcomes

Similarly, Method II reported an average density of 0.984 g/mL, with a trial deviation of 0.002 g/mL and a 0.2% variation. The mass versus volume slope from this method was 0.983 g/mL, and the R² value remained perfect at 1.

Table 2. 0, 10, 20, 30mL of water and their respective mass measured from Method II

Discussion

The linear relationship illustrated in the mass versus volume plots from both methods confirms that water's density remains constant across different volumes, affirming its property as an intensive physical characteristic. The experimental average density of water closely aligns with the theoretical value of 0.997 g/mL at 25°C, with a negligible percent error of 0.12%, validating the experimental approach's accuracy. Potential deviations from the theoretical density can be attributed to experimental limitations such as the adherence of water droplets to container walls and measurement inaccuracies.

The linear slopes and R² values of 1 from both methods' plots strongly support the hypothesis of a direct proportionality between water's mass and volume.

Conclusion

The experimental evidence firmly establishes that water's density is approximately 0.985 g/mL, validating the theoretical value and demonstrating its consistency regardless of the measured quantity. This investigation not only confirms the intrinsic density of water at room temperature but also the fundamental principle that water's mass is directly proportional to its volume.