Laser-Induced Synthesis of Gum Arabic-g-Acrylic Acid for Drug Delivery Applications

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Abstract

Aim of this study is to synthesis Gum Arabic-g- Acrylic acid using laser light as initiator to synthesis clean product that is free from any trace's chemicals substances. Firstly the graft of acrylic acid on Gum Arabic, initiated by (C.A.N), will be study under a nitrogen gas to get reaction conditions such as graft copolymerization temperature, reaction time, and Gum Arabic, monomer, and initiator concentrations. The percentage of graft efficiency (% GE) and percentage of graft yield (% GY) will be collocated.

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Graft copolymer will be recognized using FTIR Spectroscopy, (TGA) analysis, (XRD) diffraction and (SEM) microscope. The graft will be later used in drug delivery carrier to control cancer in brain and matrices for colon aiming medicine delivery systems. This study focused to new trends and latest developments in this area where laser irradiation was found to be effective and clean method for producing GA-g-Acrylic Acid.

Introdution

Graft copolymerization is a large molecular with one or more sort of block linked to the essential chain as part chain(s) (Athawale & Rathi ,1999).

Thus, it can be possess the structure as in figure 1, where the backbone poly (A), generally indicate as the body of polymer, has branches of polymer chain poly (B). The common nomenclature applied to characterize this structure, where poly (A) is grafted with poly (B), is poly (A)-graft-poly (B), which moreover abbreviated as poly (A) – g– poly (B). Graft copolymerization are making out of graft of vinyl in the fundamental polymer )Mahdavinia, Zohuriaan & Pourjavadi, 2004). Graft copolymerization is a paramount method for adjusting properties of polymers ) Nevin, 2016).

Grafting of monomers onto natural and synthetic polymers has the feature of combination extra properties of the monomers to polymers (Singha, Guleria, & Rana, 2013).

Gummosis is a common wound response that results in the exudation of a plastic gummy sealant at the site of cracks in bark. When tree damaged will give a larger yield of gum. Thus, as we cut and strip the bark from a tree and come to take the liquid solution that form in the tree. Within 3-8 weeks, the gum will start to exclude from the wound. Gum droplets are about 0.75 - 3 inches in diameter, gradually dry and harden on exposure to the atmosphere. A young tree will yield 400-700g annually (Stephen, Churms, & Vogt, 1990). GA is a complex has galactopyranose units (Dickinson& E., 2003).

Up-to-date a numbers of initiator systems advanced to initiate graft copolymerization. We used many substances, like CAN, potassium persulfate, and ammonium persulfate, usually, to make a free radical on polymers. Initiating the vinyl monomer onto polysaccharides, (CAN) used as an initiator extensively investigated therefore the simple mechanism of electron transfer, low activation energy and forming of free radical on the a polymer. Cerium most frequently, in grafting many monomers on cellulose and starch (Athawale & Rathi, 1999; Fernandez, Casinos, & Guzman, 1990).

Many researchers used laser light as initiator (Kesling, & Schollmcyer, 1990; Hoyle, Chang, & Trapp, 1989). Therefore capability of laser to be adjusted to a specific wavelength, therefore exciting a particular band. Decomposition of cyclohexene -1, 4-cyclohexadiene and hexahydro-1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5 -triazine molecules excited via a multi photon process by employ of CO2 transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure (TEA CO2) laser has been present by Zhao and coworkers ( Zhau, Continetti, Ynkuyama, & l .,1989; Zhao, Hinsta & Lee 1988)

Surface modification through etching in the air by CO2 -pulsed laser has also done by (Brannon & Lankari, 1986). The capability of CO2 - pulsed laser to graft many monomers onto surface of ethylene-propylene rubber to improved water and biocompatibility has been explained (Mirzadeh, Kathah, & Burford,(1993; Mirzadeh, Khorasani, Katbab, Ilurford , Sohcili & Z ., 1994). Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) has been surface grafted with acrylamide (AAm) and 2-hydroxy ethyle methacrylate (HEMA) using a CO2 - pulsed laser (Mirzadeh, Katbab, Khorasani, & Burford 1994).

Last year’s we used a laser as initiator for grafting many monomers such as: 3,3-dimethyle acrylic acid grafted on GA (Nafie AlM., Elfatih A., Al Sayed, & Mohamed M. S., 2010), Gum Karaya –g-acrylamide (Nafie AlM., Elfatih A., Al Sayed, & Mohamed M. S., 2011), graft polyacrylamide onto GA (Nafie AlM., Elfatih A., Al Sayed, & Mohamed M. S., 2012), and 3,3-dimethyle acrylic acid grafting in Gum Karaya (Mohamed G. M. S., Mohamed A., Essam A., & Hayat Elb., 2015) The use of laser in graft copolymerization importance because laser tuning to particular wavelength, therefore exciting a particular band (Kesling, & Schollmcyer, 1990), Hoyle, Chang & Trapp, 1989).

The Objectives of Our Study

Synthesis graft copolymer of GA-g-acrylic acid using laser light as initiator.
Optimize conditions of graft copolymer.
Study the variation of %GE and %GY with different reaction parameters.
Characterize synthesized graft copolymer using various techniques such as:
Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
XRD.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).
SEM.

Experimental Analysis

Materials

Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal)
Acrylic acid, Cerium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN)
Nitric Acid, Ethanol

Weight GA and added 75 mL of deionized water, stirred magnetically under nitrogen for five minutes, added required amount of (CAN) in molar nitric acid stirring for fifteen minutes to make possible consistence of free radical sites on the chain of GA, followed by addition drop wise of acrylic acid. Complete the volume to100 mL using deionized water. The grafting executed at 30 o C for three hours. The solution was cooled, clean with water ethanol many times to extract homopolymer and monomer did not react. The product dried in 38°C to a constant weight.

Graft Copolymerization by Laser. Weight GA and added 75 mL of deionized water, stirred magnetically under nitrogen for five minutes. Diode laser was used, as initiator, to irradiate the sample. The acrylic acid (monomer), complete the volume to100 mL using deionized water. The grafting executed at 30 o C for three hours. The solution was cooled, clean with water ethanol many times to extract homopolymer and monomer did not react. The product dried at 38°C to a fixed weight, and then proportion of grafting efficiency (%GE) and proportion of grafting yield (%GY) were calculated from equations (Eromosele & I., 1994). Where W1, W2 and W3 denote, the weights of the Gum Arabic, grafted copolymer and monomer, respectively.

Result and Discussion

The optimal conditions for laser-induced grafting were determined as follows:

Parameter	Value
Gum Arabic (g)	0.5
Acrylic Acid (g)	0.2
CAN (g)	0.05
Temperature (°C)	30
Reaction Time (min)	180
% Graft Yield (%)	97
% Graft Efficiency (%)	28

Table 1: Optimal Conditions for Grafting

The FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA analyses confirmed the successful grafting of acrylic acid onto Gum Arabic. The XRD and SEM images illustrated the amorphous nature and surface morphology changes post-grafting, indicating the incorporation of acrylic acid.

Technique	Observation
FTIR	Evidence of acrylic acid grafting
XRD	Shift indicating amorphous structure
SEM	Surface morphology changes
TGA	Improved thermal stability of the copolymer

Table 2: Characterization Summary

The TGA analysis revealed that GA-g-acrylic acid exhibits enhanced thermal stability compared to raw Gum Arabic, suggesting its potential durability in drug delivery applications.

Conclusion

The optimum conditions for grafting GA -g- acrylic Acid when used laser as initiator, were 0.5 gram of gum, 0.2 gram acrylic acid, 0.05 gram of (CAN), reaction temperature 30o C, and reaction time 180 min. Optimum percentages of graft yield and graft efficiency was 97%, 28% for GA-g- acrylic acid.

In the future more studies will be conducted for graft copolymer such as studying the application of grafted copolymer in the progress of controlled drug delivery system, using the synthetic graft copolymer as carriers for microencapsulation of oils and other bioactive molecules, and in the nanotechnology and nanomedicine fields, therefore its biocompatibility in vivo applications, and its stabilization of nanostructures.