Designing an Efficient Water Distribution System for Rimuka, Kadoma

Abstract

Water is key of life as all of as we know that, but before use we have to have a good water distribution system this very important not only to provide and maintain good health of the people but also for use in many different areas like industry and agriculture.

This project is going to include the study how water was being distrubuted before the population increase and after with brief description of all things required for calculations. A looped network system is going to be used for the distribution of water to the residential area of RIMUKA which is located in Zimbabwe in city of Kadoma.

The design is going to be performed both using the manual way of calculations ( which is using the Bernoulli equation or energy equation) and use of softwares which are advanced such as WaterGEMS and WaterCad. With the energy equation pressure,flow of water into pipe and velocity are going to be obtained. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is also going to be applied to find out approximate flow of water into the pipe.

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WaterCad and WaterGEMS softwares are going to be used to calculate the design parameters and results are going to be compared to the design parameters found from manual calculations. All necessary data for calculation was collected from the minicipality of Kadoma city by the ZINWA department. Constraints for this project are also going to carefully verified and also project limitation are going to be identified carefully.

Introduction

Water is key of life as all of as we know that, but before use we have to have a good water distribution system this essential important not only to provide and maintain good health of the community but also for use in many different areas like industry and agriculture. Without a good supply of water every thing in the community will under go a lower perfomance both in schools ,hospital , and other industry and also our society today would never have appeared good, and maybe the way we live today would be not be as same as without water.

The rate of use of water is increasing each and every day due gradual inrease of population , so our dependence on water is now not well estimateble, and this result in threats to supply . The volumes of water consumed each day by agriculture, industry and the public are very high, requiring an good water infrastructure and supply system to satisfy the demand.

Like electricity which must distubuted to each house, also water organization deliver their product to the home, which requires a network of distribution pipes to service each house and also both ındustrıes and farms .So in Zimbabwe ZINWA is the organization responsible for water distrubution.

Water distribution systems convey water drawn from the water source , to the point where it is delivered to where it is being used. Water demand which varies in the course of the day therefore they must be a good water systems which deal with water .

Water consumption is highest during the hours that water is used for cleaning,bathing,washing and also during food preparation . During the night the use of water is low. Due to this variation in flow of water operating pumps in parallel must be installed in the system to overcome problems of water pressures. In water supply system, service reservoirs accumulate and store water during the night so that it can be supplied during the daytime hours of high water demand. It is necessary to maintain sufficient pressure in the distribution system to protect it against contamination by the entry of polluted seepage water.

For small community supplies a minimum pressure of 7-10 meters of water column should be adequate in most instances (According to ZIM Building Code). Water Supply System generally consists of few parts that are sources, treatment, storage and distribution. In this design process, only the distribution water system is going to be done for a new developed residential area.Water is going to be distributed using the looped netwok system which was proposed by the ZINWA board for supply water system in RMUKA. The ZINWA board did not propose the use of branched networks because it have some disadvantages which include

Design and Calculations

The project adopts a multifaceted approach, incorporating manual calculations and software simulations to design the water distribution network. Key considerations include the area's population growth, climate, water source accessibility, and the existing water infrastructure's capacity.

Design Methodology:

1. Population Estimation: Utilizing demographic data from Kadoma's municipality, future population estimates guide the water demand calculations.
2. Water Demand Assessment: Daily water consumption rates per capita and for agricultural, industrial, and municipal needs are aggregated to determine total water demand.
3. Manual Calculations:
   • Discharge Calculation: The continuity equation, Qin=Qout, ensures flow balance at network junctions.
   • Pipe Resistance and Head Loss: The Darcy-Weisbach equation, hf=k⋅Qa, where 5k=f⋅π28g⋅D5L, and the friction factor f is determined iteratively, calculates head losses due to friction.
4. Software Simulations: WaterCAD and WaterGEMS facilitate comprehensive network analysis, allowing for the optimization of pipe diameters, pressures, and flow rates.

Key Design Features:

• Looped Network System: Chosen for its advantages in preventing water stagnation and ensuring reliable supply even during maintenance or unexpected disruptions.
• Pipe Selection: Ductile iron pipes for main distribution, with diameters based on flow requirements, and polyethylene pipes for sub-main connections to households.
• Valve Implementation: Check and gate valves are strategically placed to regulate flow and maintain system integrity.

Manual Calculations:

• The design of the looped network water system is going to be based on the energy equations.
• The energy equation is going to be used to estimate the head losses in each pipe.
• The pressure provided by the municipality at the main pipe was 2 bars and the head losses are mainly due to friction loss.
• The required diameter of the pipe increases as the flow rate increase,so pipe is going to have a diameter according to the rate of flow required at that loop.
• The main pipes (which are very close to the water source) have larger diameter than those which are far away from the main water source.
• Here, our Q which we took it from Kadoma city council. We are ging to calculate Q based on population.

Conclusions

Water is key of life as all of as we know that, but before use we have to have a good water distribution system this essential important not only to provide and maintain good health of the community but also for use in many different areas like industry and agriculture. This project is also going to includes the how water was distrubuted before and system which was being used . In this design project looped network systemis going to be used for the distribution of water to the new exented residential area located at Rimuka in the city of Kadoma. The design is going performed using the Bernoulli equation or use of energy equatio and also Darcy Weisbach equations.

The energy equations determined the pressure, velocity, and flow into the pipe network. Darcy-Weisbach equation was also applied to find out approximate flow into the pipe. All necessary information is collected from the city council departement of Kadoma. In this project, WaterCad and WaterGEMS softwares are going to be used to calculate the design parameters and compared results to the design parameters which will be found in calculation using manual method.In this project um going to be more carefully in constraints for and all project limitation will be identified,soo as to have no problem when we appie to the ground.