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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Jewish parents in Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna.n In 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital. He was appointed as a lecturer in neuropathology at the University of Vienna in 1885. In 1886, Freud was appointed privatdocent, a position which entitled him to give lectures at the university without pay. In 1887, Freud was appointed as an associate professor.nIn 1889, Freud went to Paris on a fellowship to study with the renowned French neurologist, Jean-Martin Charcot, at the Salpêtrière. Charcot specialized in the study of hysteria and hypnosis. Freud was greatly impressed by Charcot’s clinical method and his use of hypnosis to treat hysteria.nIn 1892, Freud returned to Vienna and opened a private practice. He began to treat patients with hysteria using hypnosis. Freud also began to study the work of Breuer, a colleague of Charcot’s who had also been treating patients with hysteria.nIn 1895, Freud published his groundbreaking book, Studies on Hysteria, co-authored with Breuer. In this book, Freud proposed that hysteria was caused by traumatic memories that were repressed into the unconscious mind.nIn 1897, Freud married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.nIn 1900, Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams, in which he proposed that dreams were a way of the unconscious mind to express itself.nIn 1901, Freud founded the Psychoanalytic Society in Vienna.nIn 1902, Freud was appointed professor of psychology at the University of Vienna.nIn 1905, Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, in which he proposed that sexuality was a fundamental drive that was the source of all human behavior.nIn 1909, Freud traveled to the United States to give a series of lectures at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.nIn 1910, Freud published his book, Totem and Taboo, in which he proposed that the incest taboo was the foundation of all human culture.nIn 1911, Freud moved his family to Berlin, where he established the Psychoanalytic Institute.nIn 1913, Freud published his book, The Interpretation of Dreams, in which he proposed that dreams were a way of the unconscious mind to express itself.nIn 1914, Freud published his book, On Narcissism, in which he proposed that narcissism was a fundamental human drive.nIn 1915, Freud published his book, The Ego and the Id, in which he proposed that the ego was the conscious part of the mind, while the id was the unconscious part.nIn 1918, Freud published his book, Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, in which he proposed that human behavior was determined by the unconscious mind.nIn 1919, Freud published his book, Introduction to Psychoanalysis, in which he proposed that psychoanalysis was a scientific method for the study of the human mind.nIn 1923, Freud published his book, The Ego and the Id, in which he proposed that the ego was the conscious part of the mind, while the id was the unconscious part.nIn 1925, Freud published his book, The Uncanny, in which he proposed that the feeling of unease and fear that we sometimes experience is caused by the unconscious mind.nIn 1930, Freud published his book, Civilization and Its Discontents, in which he proposed that the conflict between the individual and society was the source of all human misery.nIn 1938, Freud fled from Austria to England to escape the Nazis. He died of cancer in 1939.
Sigmund Freud’s work has had a profound and lasting impact on our understanding of human behavior. His theories have helped us to better understand our own thoughts and emotions, and to better appreciate the complex workings of the human mind. Freud’s work has also helped us to better understand and treat mental illness.
