Freudian Theory and Practice

Categories: Sigmund Freud

Freud's theory gets different criticism regarding the content that focuses on desires and pleasurable need an early child encounter, these are the different person that gives criticisms about Freudian theory. One of it is his daughter Anna Freud, which tackles the Freudian practice of psychotherapy in children, in which they opposed to use because she believed child do not encounter unconscious fantasies and images and could not develop transference. Which she proposed ego psychology and the mechanism of defense which she expand the role of ego that gives radical change in Freudian Theory, according to the book Theories of Personality Anna Freud proposed that the ego works independently without the help of id, in her book she also clarifies the defense mechanism that is proposed by her father Sigmund Freud.

Heinz Kohut replace the ego to self in his book The Analysis of the Self, Kohut change ego from the concept of self, he believed that the sense of individual identity and clear image evolves from self.

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In the earlier theories proposed he also focused on the mother and child relationship to understand the result of the development of the child. Which according to the book of Theories of Personality later believe that the personality is not innate drive but a concept of human relatedness. According to him infants needs should be attained not only physical needs but also the psychological needs, Kohut believed that when parents failed to provide empathic responses, a child would develop unhealthy sense of self-esteem and would therefore look to other sources to gain a sense of worth and value which refer as self object's responses.

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He expand his study and believe that infants are born naturally narcissistic they tend to be self-centered.

Kohut expand her theory and proposed two basic narcissistic needs which is grandiose-exhibitionistic self and idealized parent image. Grandiose-exhibitionistic self is a 'mirroring' selfobject who reflect approval from others regarding their actions, for example if others see you as beautiful then you are beautiful. Idealize parent image is an attitude shows 'You are perfect, but I am part of you' in which it satisfies a child narcissistic needs. When Melanie Klein discovered Freudian Theory she started to create her own theory which is The Object Relations Theory known as the offspring of Freud's Theory. This theory opposed to Freud rather than support it, Klein theory focuses on maternal, intimate and nurturing of the mother. Freud theory is more into sexual pleasure while Klein tackles human relatedness and contact which focus in the relationship of object to child.

This object is know as the parent the mother and father, example of the object is the mother which it's object is the breast. She expand her theory by adding the good and bad breast in which she believe that a child personality development depends on the object, if it's good or bad breast. Margaret Mahler practice psychoanalysis in children, he focuses on doing therapy to neurotic children in which she develop Psychological birth of an individual. Psychological birth begins from postnatal up until three years in accomplishing sense of identity the child becomes an individual separate from its caregiver.

To achieve psychological birth and individuation there are three developmental stages, the normal autism, normal symbiosis, separation-individuation. The firs stage is normal autism have span period of 3 to 4 weeks, in which she relate the ability of a bird to satisfy its nutritional need by means of its food supply that is enclosed in its shell that is similar to the childs ability to satisfies need with the protection of the mother's care. Normal symbiosis begins from 4th to 5th weeks but reach until 4th or 5th month, this stage is symbiotic relationship the connection of the child and the mother in which stated by the book that according to Mahler the child transfer cues from the mother and mother respond to her own cues. Lastly is separation-individuation span from 4th to 5th month until 30th to 36th month, in which the child is separated from their mother by means of developing a personal identity or a sense of individuation.

Updated: Mar 11, 2022
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Freudian Theory and Practice. (2020, Apr 29). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/freudian-theory-and-practice-essay

Freudian Theory and Practice essay
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