Exploring Ethical Principles: From Bonum Ex Integra Causa to Communism

The concept "bonum ex integra causa, malum ex quocumque defectu" means "an action is great when it is excellent in every regard; it is wrong when it is incorrect in every respect."

This suggests that in order that an action might posses in a necessary degree-- no action is definitely best-- its ethical perfection, it must remain in conformity with the law in 3 respects.

First, the action, thought about under the character by which it ranks as a component of conduct, need to be great.

The physical act of giving another person money might be either an act of justice, when one pays a financial obligation, or it might be an act of grace or altruism, as it is if one offer the cash to eliminate distress. Both, of these actions have the basic aspect of goodness (bonum ex objecto).

The intention, if there is a motive beyond the immediate things of the act, must likewise be great. If one pays a man some money that a person owes him with the function, indeed, of paying one's financial obligations, however likewise with the ulterior purpose of enabling him to bring out a plot to murder one s opponent, the end is bad, and the action is therefore damaged.

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The end which is the motive should also be good (bonum ex fine). Thus, an action, otherwise great, is ruined if directed to an unethical end; conversely, nevertheless, an action which in its essential character is bad is not rendered great by directing it to an excellent end.

Completion does not validate the methods.

The situations under which the action is performed ought to remain in whole conformity with factor, otherwise it does not have something of ethical efficiency, though it might not be thereby rendered completely unethical. We regularly state that something which a person has done was right enough in itself, however he did refrain from doing it in the proper location or season.

Hedonism

The supreme good of man according to Aristippus is pleasure or the enjoyment of the moment, and pleasure is essentially gentle motion. Pleasure can never be bad, and the primary form of it is bodily pleasure. But, in order to secure the maximum of pleasure, prudent self-control is necessary; and this is virtue. Epicurus held that pleasure is the chief good; but pleasure is rest, not motion; and the highest form of pleasure is freedom from pain and the absence of all desires or needs that we cannot satisfy. Hence an important means towards happiness is the control of our desires, and the extinction of those that we cannot gratify, which is brought about by virtue

Utilitariansism

Utilitarianism is a modern form of the Hedonistic ethical theory which teaches that the end of human conduct is happiness, and that consequently the discriminating norm which distinguishes conduct into right and wrong is pleasure and pain.

Moral Positivism

Positivism asserts that sense experiences are the only object of human knowledge, but does not prove its assertion. It is true that all our knowledge has its starting point in sense experience, but it is not proved that knowledge stops there. Positivism fails to demonstrate that, above particular facts and contingent relations, there are not abstract notions, general laws, universal and necessary principles, or that we cannot know them.

Moral Rationalism

Rationalism is used to designate any mode of thought in which human reason holds the place of supreme criterion of truth; in this sense, it is especially applied to such modes of thought as contrasted with faith. In other words, man's ultimate truth is what our reason dictates.

Communism

In its more general signification communism refers to any social system in which all property, or at least all productive property, is owned by the group, or community, instead of by individuals. Thus understood it comprises communistic anarchism, socialism, and communism in the strict sense. The complete equality sought by communism is a well-meant but mistaken interpretation of the great moral truths, that, as persons and in the sight of God, all human beings are equal; and that all have essentially the same needs and the same ultimate destiny.