AP World History Unit 6 IDs

Process by which previous colonies gained independence from their respective empires.
Asia and Africa
Slowly in first half of 20th century, faster in second half of 20th century.
At the beginning of the century, colonization was an aspect that was seen as permanent.
Due to the World Wars and the Great Depression, European countries lost their legitimacy as an empire.
Also increasing nationalism helped spark rebellion within colonized countries.
These countries that participated in decolonization mainly became developing world countries, and struggled significantly during this time.

The most important political expression of an all-Indian identity during the Indian Revolution.
India
1885-...
Before the 20th century, the people of India rarely associated themselves into the group of "Indians."
Originally the INC sought to gain political power within the existing government, not independence.
Only began to gain influence after the first World War.

Revolutionary leader of the Indian Revolution that sought freedom from Britain.
India
1869-1948
Maintained the idea that India held a place for both Hindus and Muslims.

Used non-violent protests and peaceful mass campaigns to gain support.
Transformed the INC into a massive organization and eventually gained independence from Britain, shortly after though he was assassinated.
Gained name Mahatma (Great Soul)

Gandhi's political philosophy ("truth force")
India
1893-1948
Approach to political action that including confrontation, but through a non-violent method.
Idea of "pitting one's whole soul against the will of the tyrant."
This idea allowed Gandhi to gain widespread popularity and was a key factor in his success in gaining independence.

Group of Muslims that opposed Gandhi
India
1906-...
The most significant threat to the success of a unified movement was the split between Hindus and Muslims.
Formed in 1906 to contradict the idea that the INC spoke for all Indians... saw growing references to Hindu ideology in the nationalist struggle.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, head of the Muslim League, argued that Muslims should have their own nation... birth of Pakistan.

Head of the Muslim League
India
20th century
Argued that part of India with a Muslim majority should have a separate political status.
Eventually this resulted in the creation of Pakistan, the land of the pure.
Contradicted Gandhi;s view of India as a single nation.
Belief that, since Hindus and Muslims have far different philosophies, social customs, and literature, they are relatively different civilizations.

Group of Elite Africans that sought a voice in political affairs.
South Africa
1912-...
For most of the early 20th century, the ANC was very peaceful and moderate it in its requests.
Under control of Nelson Mandela in the 1950s, the ANC began a series of nonviolent protests such as boycotts, strikes, and burning of passes.
Followed many of Gandhi's ideologies that helped lead India to independence.
The government response was severe repression, killings, and the outlawing of the ANC.

Leader of the ANC after the 1950s.
South Africa
1950s-...
Began to instigate action within the ANC, non-violent protests and civil disobedience began.
Greatly inspired by Gandhi
After governmental repression, he was jailed until the 1990s when apartheid was abolished.
Helped kick start the protests that helped end apartheid.

Idea of having African indpendence as black only.
South Africa
1970s-1990s
Originally, the ACN favored a broad alliance of all races.
However, this began with the group "Pan Africanist Congress" that rejected cooperation with other racial groups.
Divisions occurred along racial and ethnic lines instead of religious lines in India.

Uprising in the black neighborhood of Soweto.
South Africa
1976
Initial trigger was the government's decision to enforce education for Africans in the hated language of the white Afrikaners.
Hundreds of civilians were killed.
Momentum this rebellion caused continued into the 1980s. Resulted in spreading urban violence.

Unlike it India, democracy was unsuccessful in taking root in Africa
Africa
Second half of the 20th century.
In Africa, democracy was not able to take hold, while dictatorships and military controlled governments were more common.
Ideas for the reasoning range from a somewhat racist view that Africans was not ready for democracy to the idea that the communal culture of the African people is not compatible with the competition present in party democracy.
Democracy slowly taking hold near the end of the 20th century.

Economic development in third world (Global South) countries was slow and unstable.
Africa and Asia
20th century
Quality of the government in these nations began to be determined by the quality and speed of economic development.
Most colonizers left little infrastructure, each nation needed to build up their own.
Developing nations were often persuaded by either the US or the USSR to take the capitalist/socialist road.
Development highly dependent on location: East Asia, better; Africa, worse.

Leader who restored the Ottoman Empire (as turkey) after World War I.
Post Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
1881-1938
Sought to create a modern, secular, and national state. Also sought to enter the world as a European civilization.
Moved Islam to the private life. Ended Islamic rule/sharia and many religious centers were closed.
Gave women equal rights and suffrage (1930s) as well as modernizing dress.
After his death, many of his reforms were diluted, however the core secularism remained.

Voice of the Shia Islamic people, fought secularism in Iran.
Iran
1970s-...
Under the Shah, modernization and secularism were supported, however the Shah's ideas offended many Muslims.
Khomeini took control of the state in 1979 when the Shah was forced to abdicate.
Began period of de-westernization and reinstated Islamic law.